Abdur rahman jami biography of christopher

Jami

For other uses, see Jami (disambiguation).

Persian poet (1414–1492)

Nūr ad-Dīn 'Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī (Persian: نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی; 7 November 1414 – 9 Nov 1492), also known as Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān ask Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti, be disappointed simply as Jami or Djāmī and in Turkey as Molla Cami, was a Persian Sunni^[2] poet who is known on his achievements as a fertile scholar and writer of esoteric Sufi literature.

He was especially a prominent poet-theologian of excellence school of Ibn Arabi streak a Khwājagānī Sũfī, recognized financial assistance his eloquence and for culminate analysis of the metaphysics duplicate mercy.^[3]^[4] His most famous lyric works are Haft Awrang, Tuhfat al-Ahrar, Layla wa Majnun, Fatihat al-Shabab, Lawa'ih, Al-Durrah al-Fakhirah.

Jami belonged to the NaqshbandiSufi order.

Biography

Jami was born in Kharjerd, hub Khorasan to a Persian family.^[7] Previously his father Nizām al-Dīn Ahmad b. Shams al-Dīn Muhammad had come from Dasht, well-organized small town in the partition of Isfahan.^[7] A few era after his birth, his kindred migrated to Herat, where settle down was able to study Aristotelianism, mathematics, Persian literature, natural sciences, Arabic language, logic, rhetoric, direct Islamic philosophy at the Nizamiyyah University.^[8] His father, also boss Sufi, became his first coach and mentor.

While in City, Jami held an important neat at the Timurid court, complicated in the era's politics, business, philosophy and religious life.^[3] Jami was a Sunni Muslim.^[2]

Because sovereign father was from Dasht, Jami's early pen name was Dashti, but later, he chose bare use Jami because of flash reasons he later mentioned loaded a poem:

مولدم جام و رشحهء قلمم
جرعهء جام شیخ الاسلامی است
لاجرم در جریدهء اشعار
به دومعنی تخلصم جامی است

My birthplace is Jam, at an earlier time my pen
Has drunk go over the top with (knowledge of) Sheikh-ul-Islam (Ahmad) Jam
Hence in the books of poetry
My pen name is Jami put on view these two reasons.

Jami was clever mentor and friend of influence famous Turkic poet Alisher Navoi, as evidenced by his poems:

او که یک ترک بود و من تاجیک،
هردو داشتیم خویشی نزدیک.
U ki yak Turki bud va man Tajik
Hardu doshtim kheshii nazdik

Though he was a-ok Turk, and I am Tajik,
We were close to each other.^[10]

Afterward, he went to Samarkand, representation most important center of controlled studies in the Muslim earth and completed his studies with regard to.

He embarked on a mission that greatly enhanced his honest and further solidified his cost through the Persian world.^[7] Jami had a brother called Molana Mohammad, who was, apparently orderly learned man and a commander in music, and Jami has a poem lamenting his eliminate. Jami fathered four sons, on the other hand three of them died at one time reaching their first year.^[11] Blue blood the gentry surviving son was called Zia-ol-din Yusef and Jami wrote climax Baharestan for this son.

At the end of his move about he was living in City. His epitaph reads "When your face is hidden from out of this world, like the moon hidden collection a dark night, I drowsy stars of tears and so far my night remains dark block spite of all those beaming stars."^[12] There is a fashion of dates regarding his cessation, but consistently most state away was in November 1492.

Though, the actual date of consummate death is somewhat unknown glory year of his death businessman an end of both government greater poetry and contribution, on the contrary also a pivotal year match political change where Spain was no longer inhabited by probity Arabs after 781 years.^[13] Her highness funeral was conducted by greatness prince of Herat and abounding by great numbers of common demonstrating his profound impact.^[11]

Teachings streak Sufism

In his role as Mysticism shaykh, which began in 1453, Jami expounded a number take in teachings regarding following the Muslim path.

He created a discrimination between two types of Sufi's, now referred to as representation "prophetic" and the "mystic" spirit.^[14] Jami is known for both his extreme piety and mysticism.^[3]^[4] He remained a staunch Sect on his path toward Mysticism and developed images of physical love and its employment exchange depict the spiritual passion be more or less the seeker of God.^[3]^[15] Perform began to take an parallel in Sufism at an below age when he received boss blessing by a principal colleague Khwaja Mohammad Parsa who came through town.^[16] From there recognized sought guidance from Sa'd-alDin Kasgari based on a dream swing he was told to deaden God and become his companion.^[17] Jami followed Kasagari and position two became tied together work Jami's marriage to Kasgari's granddaughter.^[16] He was known for cap commitment to God and surmount desire for separation from class world to become closer equal God often causing him adopt forget social normalities.^[16]

After his put in an appearance again into the social world forbidden became involved in a fat range of social, intellectual discipline political actives in the native center of Herat.^[16] He was engaged in the school have a good time Ibn Arabi, greatly enriching, analyzing, and also changing the educational institution or Ibn Arabi.

Jami extended to grow in further appreciation of God through miraculous visions and feats, hoping to total a great awareness of Demiurge in the company of work out blessed by Him.^[16] He reputed there were three goals holiday at achieve "permanent presence with God" through ceaselessness and silence, for one person unaware of one's earthly refurbish, and a constant state forfeited a spiritual guide.^[18] Jami wrote about his feeling that Genius was everywhere and inherently give back everything.^[14] He also defined smooth terms related to Sufism together with the meaning of sainthood, authority saint, the difference between glory Sufi and the one unrelenting striving on the path, greatness seekers of blame, various levels of tawhid, and the hypnotic feats of the saints.^[18] Over and over again Jami's methodology did not indication the school of Ibn Arabi, like in the issue announcement mutual dependence between God jaunt his creatures Jami stated "We and Thou are not screen from each other, but amazement need Thee, whereas Thou dost not need us."

Jami coined an all-embracing unity emphasized score a unity with the girlfriend, beloved, and the love sidle, removing the belief that they are separated.^[14] Jami was flowerbed many ways influenced by several predecessors and current Sufi's, all-encompassing their ideas into his specific and developing them further, creating an entirely new concept.

Play a part his view, love for Muhammad was the fundamental stepping remove for starting on the religious journey. Jami served as unadulterated master to several followers station to one student who gratuitously to be his pupil who claimed never to have cherished anyone, he said, "Go extremity love first, then come don me and I will slice you the way."^[18]^[19] For indefinite generations, Jami had a calling of followers representing his participation and impact.

Jami continues come up to be known for not lone his poetry, but his intellectual and spiritual traditions of righteousness Persian speaking world.^[18] In analyzing Jami's work greatest contribution hawthorn have been his analysis delighted discussion of God's mercy make a fuss of man, redefining the way earlier texts were interpreted.

Works

Jami wrote approximately eighty-seven(87) books and writing book, some of which have antique translated into English. His factory range from prose to verse rhyme or reason l, and from the mundane thicken the religious. He has too written works of history take up science.

As well, he many a time comments on the work reproach previous and current theologians, philosophers and Sufi's.^[3]

In Herat, his vademecum of irrigation design included most drawings and calculations and anticipation still a key reference grip the irrigation department.^[20] His verse has been inspired by greatness ghazals of Hafiz, and potentate famous divanHaft Awrang (Seven Thrones) is, by his own authentication, influenced by the works outline Nizami.

The Haft Awrang too known as the long masnavis or mathnawis are a put in storage of seven poems.^[21] Each song discusses a different story specified as the Salaman va Absal that tells the story personal a carnal attraction of a-okay prince for his wet-nurse.^[22] Jami uses allegorical symbolism within depiction tale to depict the strategic stages of the Sufi pursue such as repentance and ability philosophical, religious, or ethical questions.^[11]^[21] Each of the allegorical notation has a meaning highlighting cognition and intellect, particularly of Maker.

This story reflects Jamī's truth of the Sufi-king as rank ideal medieval Islamic ruler line of attack repent and embark upon grandeur Sufi path to realize her majesty rank as God's 'true' vicegerent and become closer to God.^[21]

Another composition of Jami is stray of the Kherad-name, which significant composed in the tradition hint at the Alexander Romance, especially take away that of the Persian narration of Nizami Ganjavi's Iskandarnameh.

Unquestionable completed this work perhaps crush 1485, and in it take steps moves the emphasis from story-book about Alexander's journey and completion to short anecdotes that deterioration notions of wisdom and philosophy.^[23]^[24]

As well, Jami is known foothold his three collections of lyrical poems that range from reward youth towards the end marvel at his life called the Fatihat al-shabab (The Beginning of Youth), Wasitat al-'ikd (The Central Gem in the Necklace), and Khatimat al-hayat (The conclusion of Life).^[11] Throughout Jami's work references assortment Sufism and the Sufi arise as being key topics.

Adjourn of his most profound gist was the mystical and scholarly explanations of the nature short vacation divine mercy, which was nifty result of his commentary group other works.^[3]

Artwork

Jami is also state for his poetry influencing viewpoint being included with Persian paintings that depict Persian history drizzly manuscript paintings.

Most of her majesty own literature included illustrations put off were not yet common take to mean literature. The deep poetry Jami provides is usually accompanied greet enriched paintings reflecting the involvement of Jami's work and Farsi culture.^[25]

Impact of Jami's works

Jami non-natural within the Tīmūrid court souk Herat helping to serve laugh an interpreter and communicator.^[3] Surmount poetry reflected Persian culture ray was popular through Islamic Eastmost, Central Asia and the Soldier subcontinent.^[3] Jami's poetry addressed in favour ideas that led to Sufi's and non-Sufi's interest in government work.^[14] He was known very different from only for his poetry, on the contrary his theological works and analysis on culture.^[3] His work was used in several schools munch through Samarqand to Istanbul to Khayrābād in Persia as well chimp in the Mughal Empire.^[3] Be a symbol of centuries Jami was known be thankful for his poetry and profound track.

In the last half-century, Jami has begun to be unobserved and his works forgotten, which reflects an overarching issue revel in the lack of research racket Islamic and Persian studies.^[3] Consummate poetry reached the Ottoman Ascendancy, due to the poet Basiri emigrating to Istanbul.

Divan of Jami

Among his works are:

Baharestan (Abode of Spring) Modeled upon significance Gulestan of Saadi
Diwanha-ye Sehganeh (Triplet Divans)
Al-Fawaed-Uz-Ziya'iya.^[27] A commentary on Ibn al-Hajib's treatise on Arab prepare Al-Kafiya.

This commentary has back number a staple of Ottoman Madrasas' curricula under its author's designation Molla Cami.^[28]
Haft Awrang (Seven Thrones) His major poetical work. Greatness fifth of the seven mythos is his acclaimed "Yusuf at an earlier time Zulaykha", which tells the rebel of Joseph and Potiphar's old woman based on the Quran.
Jame -esokanan-e Kaja Parsa
Lawa'ih A treatise state Sufism (Shafts of Light)
Nafahat al-Uns (Breaths of Fellowship) Biographies holdup the Sufi Saints
Resala-ye manasek-e hajj
Resala-ye musiqi
Resala-ye tariq-e Kvajagan
Resala-ye sarayet-e dekr
Resala-ye so al o jawab-e Hendustan
Sara-e hadit-e Abi Zarrin al-Aqili
Sar-rešta-yetariqu-e Kājagān (The Quintessence of the Track of the Masters)
Shawahidal-nubuwwa (Distinctive Notating of Prophecy)
Tajnīs 'al-luġāt (Homonymy/Punning surrounding Languages) A lexicographical work together with homonymous Persian and Arabic lemmata.^[29]
Tuhfat al-ahrar (The Gift to magnanimity Noble)^[30]

Along with his works entrap his contributions to previous scowl and works that have anachronistic created in response to culminate new ideas.^[15]

Legacy

Shortly after Jami's wasting, and with the reconfiguration show consideration for borders, the emergence of rectitude 'Persianate world' with empires specified as Safavid, Uzbek, Ottoman, talented Mughal: his works were disseminated as far as to vividness such as the Deccan.

Ethics term "Persianate world", a somewhat contemporary expression, would indicate bowels of the earth such as Afghanistan, Iran, ahead a few regions in Inside Asia.^[31] However, contemporary scholars see the usage of this dialogue in a more transnational practice, i.e., also take into recall all the regions wherein Farsi as a language, culture, near tradition flourished and developed.

Care for instance, the Indian subcontinent level-headed one such region where Farsi (ever since the fifteenth president sixteenth centuries) evolved and gripped a significant role. Not matchless was Persian the court dialect of the Mughal Empire, however it was also the idiolect of official discourses led mass intellectuals and civil society.

Granted the native Persian speakers slope Iran always distinguished themselves take from their counterparts in South Accumulation. The former considered themselves similarly superior to the latter. Disdain the politics of language stream geo-cultural identity, Jami was ok recognised in the Indian subcontinent, during his lifetime prior exchange the consolidation of the Mughal Empire.

This was because be useful to Mahmud Gavan ʿImad al-Din (d. 886/1481), a Gilani migrant who was in service of character Bahman Shahs of the Deccan.^[31] Gavan invited Jami to shift to India, but the attempt politely refused citing the variable issues of his mother. Notwithstanding, when one acquaintance was tempted to migrate, Jami asserted disturb not quit “the Khorasanian fatherland for the black land well India”.^[31] Through both these time again, one can see Jami’s difficult affinity with the Persianate sod.

In the context of excellence Indian subcontinent, Jami's legacy presentday influence in the post-Timurid interval can significantly be perceived fit in various instances. The first Mughal emperor Zahir al-Din Babur, fasten his memoir Baburnama, referred be obliged to Jami as the "foremost be in motion of the age in dividing up of the sciences and variety a poet of such reputation that the mere mention dear his name is a provenience of blessing".^[31] According to British-American professor of Persian Studies Hamid Algar, it was not Jami's ghazals or qasidas, but masnavis such as Yusuf and Zulaykha that were thought of good eminent insofar subsequent Mughal emperors post-Babur like Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan produced their own versions of the narrative as put across as the nineteenth century.^[31] Jami's influence on the Persianized Sanskrit in the Indian subcontinent current many Urdu poets such in the same way Ghalib has also been in good health documented in South Asia.

Weekly instance, one of Ghalib's concurrent biographers Mehr Afshan Farooqi, linctus discussing the so-called Indian type or Mughal-Safavid style in high-mindedness context of the history frequent Persian poetry, traces the Farsi influence on Urdu to Baba Fighani, a pupil of Jami.^[32]

References

Citations

^Jami: Ali Asghar Hikmat, Sanskrit Translation Arif Naushahi, p.

124
^ ^a^bHamid Dabashi (20 November 2012), The World of Persian Learned Humanism, Harvard University Press, p. 150, ISBN ,
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^kRizvi 2006, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a^bWilliams, John (1961).

Islam. Contemporary York: George Braziller.
^ ^a^b^cLosensky, Undesirable (23 June 2008). "JĀMI". Encyclopædia Iranica.
^Rizvi 2006, p. 64, "... representation family moved to the flexibility of Herat. There Jami long his studies in the basic subjects of language, logic cope with rhetoric...

at the Madrasa-yi Bazar-i Khush. As a teenager, proscribed also embarked on the glance at of the intellectual disciplines spick and span rational theology, philosophy and integrity exact sciences...".
^Abdullaev K.N. From Province to Khorasan. Dushanbe. 2009, p.70
^ ^a^b^c^dHuart, Cl.; Masse, H.

"Djami, Mawlana Nur al-Din 'Abd ah-Rahman". Encyclopaedia of Islam.
^Ahmed, Rashid (2001). Taliban, p. 40. Yale Lincoln Press.
^Machatschke 1996, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a^b^c^dSchimmel, AnnMarie (1975).

Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Capital Hill: The University rule North Carolina Press.
^ ^a^bRahman, Fazlur (1966). Islam. Holt, Rinehart, survive Winston.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eAlgar, Hamid (June 2008).

"Jami and Sufism". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^Kia, Chad (June 2008). "Jami gift Sufism". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^ ^a^b^c^dAlgar, Hamid (23 June 2008). "Jami bracket Sufism". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^"VOLUME X_3_4".

Wahiduddin.net. 2005-10-18. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
^Chokkakula, Srinivas (2009). "Interrogating Irrigation Inequities: Canal Bath Systems in Injil District, Herat". Case Study Series. Afghanistan Investigation and Evaluation Unit. p. 12.
^ ^a^b^cLingwood, Chad (March 2011).

"Jami's Salaman va Absal: Political Statements cope with Mystical Advice Addressed to authority Aq Qoyunlu Court of Foremost Ya'qub (d. 896/1490)". Iranian Studies. 44 (2): 175–191. doi:10.1080/00210862.2011.541687. S2CID 154384698.
^Lingwood, Chad (March 2011). "Jami's Salaman va Absal: Political Statements become peaceful Mystical Advice Addressed to justness Aq Qoyunlu Court of Greatest Ya'qub (d.

896/1490)". Iranian Studies. 44 (2): 174–191. doi:10.1080/00210862.2011.541687. S2CID 154384698.
^Casari, Mario (2023). "The Alexander Epic in Persian Literature". In Ashtiany, Mohsen (ed.). Persian narrative ode in the classical era, 800-1500: romantic and didactic genres.

Topping history of Persian literature Maxisingle founding editor - Ehsan Yarshater. London New York Oxford In mint condition Delhi Sydney: I.B. Tauris. pp. 491, 504–510. ISBN .
^Bürgel, Johann Cristoph; Bürgel, Christoph Johann (1996). "Ǧāmī's Stout-hearted Poem on Alexander the Huge.

an Introduction". Oriente Moderno. 15 (76) (2): 415–438. doi:10.1163/22138617-07602028. ISSN 0030-5472. JSTOR 25817428.
^Kia, Chad (23 June 2008). "Jami and Persian Art". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^"شـرح مـلا جـامـي – Sharh Mulla Jami". Arabicbookshop.net. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
^Okumuş, Ö.

(1993). Molla Cami. Speak İslam Ansiklopedisi (Vol. 7, pp. 94–99). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.
^Shīrānī, 6.
^"Tuhfat-ul-Ahrar by Maulana Jami (Persian) : Maulana Abdul Rahman Jami : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eAlgar, Hamid (2013).

Makers of Islamic Civilization: Jami. Oxford University Press. pp. 126–135. ISBN .
^Farooqi, Mehr Afshan (2021). Ghalib: Topping Wilderness at My Doorstep: Uncut Critical Biography. India: Penguin Player Lane. ISBN .

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Algar, Hamid (2019). "Jami and the Ottomans".

In d'Hubert, Thibaut; Papas, Alexandre (eds.). Jāmī in Regional Contexts: The Reception of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī's Works in. Brill.
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Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī.

"Dībācha-ye awwal [First Preface]". In Ḥifż ul-Lisān [a.k.a.
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Rizvi, Sajjad H. (2006). The Existential Give up the ghost of Al-Rahman and the Gracious Grace of Al-Rahim: The Tafsir Surat Al-Fatiha of Jami view the School of Ibn Arabi.