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Nazi SS doctor at Stockade (1911–1979)

"Mengele" redirects here. For blemish uses, see Mengele (disambiguation).

Josef Rudolf Mengele (German:[ˈjoːzɛfˈmɛŋələ]^ⓘ; 16 March 1911 – 7 February 1979) was a Teutonic Schutzstaffel (SS) officer and doc during World War II at loftiness Russian front and then immaculate Auschwitz during the Holocaust, place he was nicknamed the "Angel of Death" (German: Todesengel).

Take action performed deadly experiments on prisoners at the Auschwitz II (Birkenau) concentration camp, where he was a member of the bunch of doctors who selected fatalities to be murdered in representation gas chambers,^[a] and was get someone on the blower of the doctors who administered the gas.

Before the enmity, Mengele received doctorates in anthropology and medicine, and began orderly career as a researcher.

Earth joined the Nazi Party welcome 1937 and the SS bank on 1938. He was assigned whereas a battalion medical officer popular the start of World Clash II, then transferred to honesty Nazi concentration camps service loaded early 1943 and assigned spoil Auschwitz, where he saw representation opportunity to conduct genetic trial on human subjects.

His experiments focused primarily on twins, take on no regard for the profit or safety of the chumps. With Red Army troops broad through German-occupied Poland, Mengele was transferred 280 kilometres (170 miles) from Auschwitz to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp on 17 Jan 1945, ten days before illustriousness arrival of the Soviet augmentation at Auschwitz.

After the conflict, Mengele fled to Argentina hem in July 1949, assisted by a-okay network of former SS workers. He initially lived in ray around Buenos Aires, then blue to Paraguay in 1959 arm Brazil in 1960, all behaviour being sought by West Deutschland, Israel, and Nazi hunters much as Simon Wiesenthal, who welcome to bring him to proof.

Mengele eluded capture in callousness of extradition requests by nobility West German government and devious operations by the Israeli brainpower agency Mossad. He drowned have as a feature 1979 after suffering a inside attack while swimming off ethics coast of Bertioga, and was buried under the false title of Wolfgang Gerhard. His cadaver were disinterred and positively adamant by forensic examination in 1985.

Early life

Mengele was born collide with a Catholic family in Günzburg, Bavaria, on 16 March 1911, the eldest of three sprouts of Walburga (née Hupfauer) celebrated Karl Mengele. His two previous brothers were Karl Jr. and Alois. Their father was founder unravel the Karl Mengele & Option company (later renamed Mengele Agrartechnik [de]), which produced farming machinery.

Mengele was successful at school courier developed an interest in symphony, art, and skiing. He organized high school in April 1930 and went on to read philosophy in Munich, where rendering headquarters of the Nazi Band were located. He attended primacy University of Bonn, where grace took his medical preliminary inspection.

In 1931, he joined Der Stahlhelm, a paramilitary organization drift was absorbed into the Tyrannical Sturmabteilung ('Storm Detachment'; SA) quantity 1934. In 1935, Mengele justified a PhD in anthropology steer clear of the University of Munich. Budget January 1937, he joined probity Institute for Hereditary Biology sports ground Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, pivot he worked for Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, a German geneticist unwanted items a particular interest in exploration twins.

As Von Verschuer's assistant, Mengele focused on the genetic truthfully that result in a crack lip and palate, or unadulterated cleft chin.

His thesis guilt the subject earned him simple cum laude doctorate in antidote (MD) from the University take in Frankfurt in 1938. (Both get through his degrees were revoked impervious to the issuing universities in justness 1960s.) In a letter censure recommendation, Von Verschuer praised Mengele's reliableness and his ability to orally present complex material in well-organized clear manner.

The American columnist Robert Jay Lifton notes turn Mengele's published works were envisage keeping with the scientific mainstream of the time, and would probably have been viewed on account of valid scientific efforts even out Nazi Germany. On 28 July 1939, Mengele married Irene Schönbein, whom he had met ultimately working as a medical remaining in Leipzig.

Their only word, Rolf, was born in 1944.

Military career

The ideology of Nazism wear down together elements of antisemitism, ethnic hygiene, and eugenics, and composed them with pan-Germanism and protective expansionism with the goal constantly obtaining more Lebensraum ("living space") for the Germanic people.

Dictatorial Germany attempted to obtain that new territory by attacking Polska and the Soviet Union, intending to deport or murder class Jews and Slavs living encircling, who were considered by decency Nazis to be inferior trigger the putative "Aryanmaster race".

Mengele connected the Nazi Party in 1937 and the Schutzstaffel (SS) be sold for 1938.

He received basic habit in 1938 with the Gebirgsjäger (mountain light infantry) and was called up for service join the Wehrmacht (Nazi armed forces) in June 1940, some months after the outbreak of Globe War II. He soon volunteered for medical service in say publicly Waffen-SS, the combat arm game the SS, where he served with the rank of SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant) in a sanative reserve battalion until November 1940.

He was next assigned plan the SS Race and Camp Main Office in Poznań, evaluating candidates for Germanization.

In June 1941, Mengele was posted to State, where he was awarded influence Iron Cross 2nd Class. Rejoinder January 1942, he joined distinction 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking as a battalion medical public servant.

After rescuing two German troops body from a burning tank, fiasco was decorated with the Shackle Cross 1st Class, the Apartment block Badge in Black, and nobleness Medal for the Care comprehensive the German People. He was declared unfit for further sleeping like a baby service in mid-1942, when noteworthy was seriously wounded in revel in near Rostov-on-Don.

Following his turn for the better, he was transferred to high-mindedness headquarters of the SS Recapitulate and Settlement Main Office bear Berlin, at which point take action resumed his association with Von Verschuer, who had become director honor the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute longed-for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics. Mengele was promoted to honesty rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) emit April 1943.

Auschwitz

In 1942, Auschwitz II (Birkenau), originally intended to studio slave laborers, began to accredit used instead as a amassed labour camp and extermination campground.

Prisoners were transported there gross rail from all over Nazi-controlled Europe, arriving in daily convoys. By July 1942, SS doctors were conducting selections where penetrating confidentia Jews were segregated, and those considered able to work were admitted into the camp from way back those deemed unfit for experience were immediately murdered in rendering gas chambers.

Those selected give be killed, about three-quarters show the total,^[b] included almost shoot your mouth off children, women with small breed, pregnant women, all the grey, and all of those who appeared (in a brief nearby superficial inspection by an Occur doctor) to be not comprehensively fit and healthy.

In early 1943, Von Verschuer encouraged Mengele call on apply for a transfer do research the concentration camp service.

Mengele's application was accepted and crystal-clear was posted to Auschwitz, swing he was appointed by SS-StandortarztEduard Wirths, chief medical officer enthral Auschwitz, to the position lecture chief physician of the Zigeunerfamilienlager (Romani family camp) at Birkenau, a subcamp located on rectitude main Auschwitz complex.

The Detachment doctors did not administer violence to the Auschwitz inmates however supervised the activities of occupier doctors who had been smallest to work in the affected medical service. As part pursuit his duties, Mengele made paper visits to the hospital dwelling and ordered any prisoners who had not recovered after digit weeks in bed to make ends meet sent to the gas chambers.

Mengele's work also involved carrying approval selections, a task that proceed chose to perform even conj at the time that he was not assigned do good to do so, in the jolt of finding subjects for tiara experiments, with a particular occupational in locating sets of matched set.

In contrast to most a mixture of the other SS doctors, who viewed selections as one countless their most stressful and displeasing duties, he undertook the business with a flamboyant air, commonly smiling or whistling. He was one of the SS doctors responsible for supervising the oversight of Zyklon B, the cyanide-based pesticide that was used make a choice the mass killings in representation Birkenau gas chambers.

He served in this capacity at glory gas chambers located in crematoria IV and V.

When an rash of noma—a gangrenous bacterial constitution of the mouth and face—struck the Romani camp in 1943, Mengele initiated a study authorization determine the cause of character disease and develop a regulation. He enlisted the assistance blond prisoner Berthold Epstein, a Judaic pediatrician and professor at Prag University.

The patients were lonely in separate barracks and very many afflicted children were killed ergo that their preserved heads instruction organs could be sent appoint the SS Medical Academy just right Graz and other facilities mention study. This research was attain ongoing when the Romani artificial was liquidated and its extant occupants murdered in 1944.

When shipshape and bristol fashion typhus epidemic began in dignity women's camp, Mengele cleared tending block of six hundred Individual women and sent them be be killed in the hydrocarbon chambers.

The building was fortify cleaned and disinfected and primacy occupants of a neighboring amount were bathed, de–loused, and subject new clothing before being feigned into the clean block. That process was repeated until convince of the barracks were uncomplicated. Similar procedures were used connote later epidemics of scarlet suds dither and other diseases, with ailing prisoners being murdered in influence gas chambers.

For these dealings, Mengele was awarded the Fighting Merit Cross (Second Class be equal with swords) and was promoted rise 1944 to First Physician depict the Birkenau subcamp.

Human experimentation

See also: Nazi human experimentation

Mengele used Stockade as an opportunity to carry on his anthropological studies and delving into heredity, using inmates guarantor medical experimentation.

His medical experiments showed no consideration for blue blood the gentry victims' health, safety, or fleshly and emotional suffering. He was particularly interested in identical combination, people with heterochromia iridum (eyes of two different colors), dwarfs, and people with physical abnormalities. Elizabeth Moscowitz, who was regular member of the Ovitz kinsfolk, testified that upon seeing companion and other members of pretty up family Mengele exclaimed "Now Distracted have work for 20 years".

Twin research was of give out interest to Mengele, as lag twin could serve as roundabout route with the other as dignity control.Miklós Nyiszli and others current that the twin studies can also have been motivated unused an intention to uncover strategies for 'racially desirable' Germans conceal reproduce more twins.

A afford was later provided by description Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ('German Research Foundation'), at the request of Von Verschuer, who received regular reports suffer shipments of specimens from Mengele. The grant was used interrupt build a pathology laboratory partial to to Crematorium II at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Nyiszli, who was forced to bradawl on Mengele's behalf due walkout his pathologist background, prepared specimens and performed autopsies for that laboratory.

Mengele's research subjects were more advantageous fed and housed than rank other prisoners, and temporarily except from the gas chambers.

research subjects lived in their own barracks, where they were provided with a marginally greater quality of food and more improved living conditions than depiction other areas of the campingsite. When visiting his young subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them candy. A former Auschwitz inmate debase said of Mengele:

He was capable of being so fashion to the children, to own acquire them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, problem think of small details just the thing their daily lives, and border on do things we would truly admire ...

And then, next reverse that, ... the crematoria smoke, presentday these children, tomorrow or uphold a half-hour, he is raincloud to send them there. With flying colours, that is where the abnormalcy lay.

In his twin experiments, Mengele generally ordered the twins cut into undertake weekly physical examinations.

Accordingly, he would subject them come within reach of a variety of procedures, inclusive of amputating healthy limbs, deliberately infecting them with diseases such monkey typhus, and transfusing the abolish of one twin into in the opposite direction. Many died during the procedures, and those who survived were often killed and dissected suffer privation comparative post-mortem reports.

Nyiszli commemorated one occasion where Mengele join 14 twins at the outfit time by injecting their whist with chloroform. Some twins were sewn back to back dupe an attempt to create joint twins.

Other experiments he performed numbered injecting chemicals into inmates' joyful to change their eye quality, removing the eyes of behind the times inmates and occasionally "pinning them on walls like butterflies", displacement the teeth and blood garbage dwarfs and inmates with profane abnormalities, and forcing inmates stay at undergo unnecessary drug and X-ray treatments.

Pregnant women were too victims of these experiments. Survivors were typically sent to primacy gas chambers within weeks. Their skeletons were sent to Songster for further analysis. Mengele distant the hearts and stomachs grow mouldy victims without anesthesia and calculated one inmate who survived significance removal of a kidney scheduled work without painkillers afterwards.

In consummate 1986 book, Lifton described Mengele as sadistic, lacking empathy, humbling extremely antisemitic, believing the Jews should be eliminated as plug up inferior and dangerous race.

Unquestionable also believed that he was responsible for an unknown calculate of deaths via other experiments, lethal injections, beatings, and shootings.

After Auschwitz

Along with several other Stockade doctors, Mengele transferred to Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Lower Schlesien on 17 January 1945, engaging with him two boxes illustrate specimens and the records compensation his experiments at Auschwitz.

Uppermost of the camp medical registry had already been destroyed unresponsive to the SS by the fluster the Red Army liberated Stockade on 27 January. Mengele sad Gross-Rosen on 18 February, cool week before the Soviets entered there, and traveled westward succeed to Žatec in Czechoslovakia, disguised bit a Wehrmacht officer.

There soil temporarily entrusted his incriminating deed to a nurse with whom he had struck up swell relationship. He and his habitation then hurried west to keep at arm`s length being captured by the State, but were taken prisoners assault war by the Americans demonstrate June 1945. Although Mengele was initially registered under his dispossessed name, he was not stubborn as being on the higher ranking war criminal list due holiday at the disorganization of the Coalition regarding the distribution of needed lists, and the fact focus he did not have glory usual SS blood group reverberate.

He was released at nobility end of July and derived false papers under the title "Fritz Ulmann", documents he succeeding altered to read "Fritz Hollmann".

After several months on the litigation, including a trip back backing the Soviet-occupied area to come to rescue his Auschwitz records, Mengele crank work near Rosenheim as orderly farmhand.

He eventually escaped get out of Germany on 17 April 1949, convinced that his capture would mean a trial and swallow up sentence. Assisted by a net of former SS members, do something used the ratline to trample to Genoa, where he derivative a passport from the General Committee of the Red Peep under the alias "Helmut Gregor", and sailed to Argentina bear hug July 1949.

His wife refused to accompany him, and they divorced by proxy in Düsseldorf in 1954.

In South America

Mengele studied as a carpenter in Buenos Aires, Argentina, while lodging middle a boarding house in integrity suburb of Vicente López. Back a few weeks, he attacked to the house of orderly Nazi sympathizer in the community of Florida Este.

He adjacent worked as a salesman be intended for his family's farm equipment people, Karl Mengele & Sons, gleam in 1951 he began construction frequent trips to Paraguay whereas a regional sales representative. Grace moved into an apartment access central Buenos Aires in 1953, used family funds to be unsuccessful a part interest in pure carpentry concern, and then rented a house in the colony of Olivos in 1954.

Writing-paper released by the Argentine reach a decision in 1992 indicate that Mengele may have practiced medicine outdoors a license while living take away Buenos Aires, including performing abortions.

After obtaining a copy of queen birth certificate through the Westerly German embassy in 1956, Mengele was issued an Argentine alien residence permit under his genuine name.

He used this string to obtain a West European passport using his real honour and embarked on a have a row to Europe. He met confront his son Rolf (who was told Mengele was his "Uncle Fritz") and his widowed sister-in-law Martha, for a ski twist in Switzerland; he also debilitated a week in his fair town of Günzburg.

When fiasco returned to Argentina in Sep 1956, Mengele began living embellish his real name. Martha celebrated her son Karl Heinz followed about a month later, gift the three began living obscure. Josef and Martha were joined in 1958 while on vacation in Uruguay, and they acquisitive a house in Buenos Aires. Mengele's business interests now tendency part ownership of Fadro Grange, a pharmaceutical company.

Along liven up several other doctors, he was questioned in 1958 on chariness of practicing medicine without efficient license when a teenage teenager died after an abortion, however he was released without operate. Aware that the publicity could lead to his Nazi grounding and wartime activities being disclosed, he took an extended occupation trip to Paraguay and was granted citizenship there in 1959 under the name "José Mengele".

He returned to Buenos Aires several times to settle monarch business affairs and visit sovereign family. Martha and Karl ephemeral in a boarding house inconvenience the city until December 1960, when they returned to Westbound Germany.

Mengele's name was mentioned a handful times during the Nuremberg trials in the mid-1940s, but grandeur Allied forces believed that filth was probably already dead.

Irene Mengele and the family amuse Günzburg also claimed that explicit had died. Working in Westbound Germany, Nazi huntersSimon Wiesenthal captain Hermann Langbein collected information take from witnesses about Mengele's wartime activities. In a search of excellence public records, Langbein discovered Mengele's divorce papers, which listed tone down address in Buenos Aires.

Earth and Wiesenthal pressured the Westside German authorities into starting eviction proceedings, and an arrest validation was drawn up on 5 June 1959. Argentina initially refused glory extradition request because the ephemeral was no longer living invective the address given on picture documents; by the time deportation was approved on 30 June, Mengele had already fled to Paraguay and was living on precise farm in Hohenau, near righteousness Argentine border.

Mengele reportedly awkward as a veterinary surgeon get somebody on your side the alias of 'Francisco Fischer' while living in Hohenau, once leaving Paraguay for Brazil recent in 1964. After a ask from Paraguayan Attorney General Clotildo Jimenez, the Supreme Court admire Paraguay annulled Mengele's citizenship have as a feature August 1979.

Efforts by Mossad

In Can 1960, Isser Harel, director domination the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, personally led the successful striving to capture Adolf Eichmann engage Buenos Aires.

He was anxious to track down Mengele thus that he too could nominate brought to trial in Kingdom. Under interrogation, Eichmann provided integrity address of a boarding do that had been used kind a safe house for Absolute fugitives. Surveillance of the demonstrate did not reveal Mengele travesty any members of his kinsfolk, and the neighborhood postman avowed that although Mengele had fresh been receiving letters there decorate his real name, he abstruse since relocated without leaving unblended forwarding address.

Harel's inquiries wrap up a machine shop where Mengele had been part owner as well failed to generate any leads, so he was forced forget about abandon the search.

Despite having conj admitting Mengele with legal documents misuse his real name in 1956 (which had enabled him focus on formalize his permanent residency instructions Argentina), West Germany was momentous offering a reward for dominion capture.

Continuing newspaper coverage use your indicators his wartime activities, with cognate photographs, led Mengele to conduct again in 1960.

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Former pilot Hans-Ulrich Rudel bones him in touch with goodness Nazi supporter Wolfgang Gerhard, who helped Mengele cross the rudeness into Brazil. He stayed resume Gerhard on his farm in effect São Paulo until a spare permanent accommodation could be arduous, which came about with Magyar expatriates Géza and Gitta Splutter. The couple bought a house in Nova Europa with ethics help of an investment get round Mengele, who was given primacy job of managing for them.

The three bought a drinkable and cattle farm in Missionary Negra in 1962, with Mengele owning a half interest. Gerhard had initially told the Stammers that the fugitive's name was "Peter Hochbichler", but they disclosed his true identity in 1963. Gerhard persuaded the couple snivel to report Mengele's location take a look at the authorities by convincing them that they themselves could tweak implicated for harboring a fleeting.

In February 1961, West Deutschland widened its extradition request subsidy include Brazil, having been tilted off to the possibility focus Mengele had relocated there.

Meanwhile, Zvi Aharoni, one of the Mossad agents who had been complicated in the Eichmann capture, was placed in charge of out team of agents tasked familiarize yourself tracking down Mengele and transferral him to trial in Zion.

Their inquiries in Paraguay defeat no clues to his position, and they were unable purify intercept any correspondence between Mengele and his wife Martha, who by this time was progress in Italy. Agents who were following Rudel's movements also bootless to produce any leads. Aharoni and his team followed Gerhard to a rural area realistically São Paulo, where they purposeful a European man whom they believed to be Mengele.

That potential breakthrough was reported permission Harel, but the logistics near staging a capture, the pecuniary constraints of the search deferential, and the priority of sighting on Israel's deteriorating relationship barter Egypt led the Mossad mislead to call off the manhunt in 1962.

Later life and death

In 1969, Mengele and the Stammers jointly purchased a farmhouse uncover Caieiras, with Mengele as portion owner.

When Wolfgang Gerhard complementary to Germany in 1971 fail seek medical treatment for rule ailing wife and son, no problem gave his identity card cue Mengele. The Stammers' friendship cotton on Mengele deteriorated in late 1974, and when they bought span house in São Paulo, elegance was not invited to add together them.^[c] The Stammers later avaricious a bungalow in the Eldorado neighborhood of Diadema, São Paulo, which they rented out express Mengele.

Rolf, who had band seen his father since ethics ski holiday in 1956, visited him at the bungalow check 1977; he found an "unrepentant Nazi" who claimed he abstruse never personally harmed anyone lecture only carried out his duties as an officer.

Mengele's health difficult to understand been steadily deteriorating since 1972. He suffered a stroke loaded 1976, experienced high blood burden, and developed an ear pockmark which affected his balance.

Match 7 February 1979, while visiting sovereign friends Wolfram and Liselotte Bossert in the coastal resort break into Bertioga, Mengele had a center attack while swimming and submerged. His body was buried accent Embu das Artes under description name "Wolfgang Gerhard", whose indication Mengele had been using owing to 1971.

Other aliases used infant Mengele in his later character included "Dr. Fausto Rindón" abide "S. Josi Alvers Aspiazu".

Exhumation

Sightings lacking Mengele were being reported done over the world in depiction decades following the war. Investigator claimed to have information go placed Mengele on the Grecian island of Kythnos in 1960, in Cairo in 1961, interject Spain in 1971, and wrench Paraguay in 1978, eighteen grow older after he had left representation country.

He insisted as make up as 1985 that Mengele was still alive—six years after significant had died—having previously offered unornamented reward of US$100,000 (equivalent fall prey to $300,000 in 2023) in 1982 recognize the value of the fugitive's capture. Worldwide enthusiasm in the case was high-flown by a mock trial taken aloof in Jerusalem in February 1985, featuring the testimonies of essentially one hundred victims of Mengele's experiments.

Shortly afterwards, the Westmost German, Israeli, and U.S. governments launched a coordinated effort disruption determine Mengele's whereabouts. The Westerly German and Israeli governments offered rewards for his capture, introduce did The Washington Times forward the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

On 31 May 1985, acting on think logically received by the West European prosecutor's office, police raided nobility house of Hans Sedlmeier, trig lifelong friend of Mengele come to rest sales manager of the descent firm in Günzburg.

They line a coded address book see copies of letters sent bump into and received from Mengele. In the middle of the papers was a communication from Wolfram Bossert notifying Sedlmeier of Mengele's death. German polity alerted the police in São Paulo, who then contacted high-mindedness Bosserts. Under interrogation, they decipher the location of Mengele's immersed and the remains were exhumed on 6 June 1985.

Farflung forensic examination indicated with efficient high degree of probability renounce the body was indeed prowl of Josef Mengele. Rolf Mengele issued a statement on 10 June confirming that the thing was his father's and divagate news of his father's fixate had been concealed to defend people who had sheltered him.

In 1992, DNA testing confirmed Mengele's identity beyond doubt, but affinity members refused repeated requests inured to Brazilian officials to repatriate nobility remains to Germany.

The lineament is stored at the São Paulo Institute for Forensic Rebuke, where it is used translation an educational aid during legal medicine courses at the Organization of São Paulo's medical school.

Later developments

In 2007, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum received sort a donation the Höcker Publication, an album of photographs attack Auschwitz staff taken by Karl-Friedrich Höcker.

Eight of the photographs include Mengele. In February 2010, a 180-page volume of Mengele's diary was sold by Vanquisher Autographs at auction for forceful undisclosed sum to the grandson of a Holocaust survivor. Dignity unidentified previous owner, who obtained the journals in Brazil, was reported to be close tip the Mengele family. A Destruction survivors' organization described the vend as "a cynical act magnetize exploitation aimed at profiting break the writings of one last part the most heinous Nazi criminals".

Rabbi Marvin Hier of probity Simon Wiesenthal Center was pleased to see the diary disintegration into Jewish hands, calling representation acquisition significant. In 2011 (centenary of Mengele's birth), a supplementary 31 volumes of Mengele's deed were sold—again amidst protests—by greatness same auction house to almighty undisclosed collector of World Battle II memorabilia for US$245,000.

Publications

• Racial-Morphological Examinations of the Anterior Portion clean and tidy the Lower Jaw in Quaternion Racial Groups.

  This dissertation, complete in 1935 and first accessible in 1937, earned him nifty PhD in anthropology from Metropolis University. In this work Mengele sought to demonstrate that all round were structural differences in honesty lower jaws of individuals differ different ethnic groups, and depart racial distinctions could be feeling based on these differences.

• Genealogical Studies in the Cases of Crack Lip-Jaw-Palate (1938), his medical talk, earned him a doctorate find guilty medicine from Frankfurt University.

  Prepping the influence of genetics translation a factor in the proceeding of this deformity, Mengele conducted research on families who professed these traits in multiple generations. The work also included log on other abnormalities found require these family lines.

• Hereditary Transmission sum Fistulae Auris.

  This journal clause, published in Der Erbarzt ('The Genetic Physician'), focuses on passageway auris (an abnormal fissure typeface the external ear) as cool hereditary trait. Mengele noted go off individuals who have this quirk also tend to have straight dimple on their chin.

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography