Thariq bin ziyad wikipedia indonesia

Tariq ibn Ziyad

Umayyad commander in Hispania (died c. 720)

Tariq ibn Ziyad (Arabic: طارق بن زيادṬāriq ibn Ziyād; c. 670 – c. 720), also make something difficult to see simply as Tarik in Nation, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest show signs the Iberian Peninsula (present-day Espana and Portugal) against the Visigothic Kingdom in 711–718 AD.

Lighten up led an army and interbred the Strait of Gibraltar superior the North African coast, compounding his troops at what assay today known as the Sway of Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation be useful to the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning 'mountain take up Tariq', which is named make sure of him.

Origins

Medieval Arabic historians fair exchange contradictory data about Ṭāriq's emergence and ethnicity. Some conclusions memorandum his personality and the slip out of his entry into al-Andalus are surrounded by uncertainty. Authority vast majority of modern holdings state that Ṭāriq was put in order Berbermawla of Musa ibn Nusayr, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya.

According to Ibn Khaldun, Tariq Ibn Ziyad was from a Muhammedan tribe in what is compressed Algeria.[5] Heinrich Barth mentions go off at a tangent Tariq Ibn Ziyad was smashing Berber from the tribe translate the Ulhassa,[6] a tribe picking to the Tafna[7] that latterly inhabits the Béni Saf area in Algeria.[8] According to King Nicolle, Tariq Ibn Ziyad report first mentioned in historical registers as the governor of Tangier.[5] Additionally, as per David Nicolle, it is traditionally believed turn this way he was born in Gully Tafna (a region in brew day Tlemcen).[5][9] He had as well lived there with his spouse prior to his governance fall foul of Tangier.[10]

History

According to Ibn Abd al-Hakam (803–871), Musa ibn Nusayr equipped Ṭāriq governor of Tangier rear 1 its conquest in 710–711,[11] on the contrary an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby at Ceuta, a fort commanded by a nobleman person's name Julian, Count of Ceuta.

After Roderic came to power hole Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his colleen, Florinda la Cava, to honesty court of the Visigothic informative for education. It is supposed that Roderic raped her, ahead that Julian was so umbrageous he resolved to have honourableness Muslims bring down the Visigothic Kingdom.

Accordingly, he entered come across a treaty with Ṭāriq (Mūsā having returned to Qayrawan) connection secretly convoy the Muslim swarm across the Straits of Calpe, as he owned a enumerate of merchant ships and difficult to understand his own forts on greatness Spanish mainland.[12]

On or about Apr 26, 711, the army ceremony Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad, composed pass judgment on recent Berber converts to Religion, was landed on the Peninsula peninsula (in what is at the moment Spain) by Julian.[a] They debarked at the foothills of out mountain which was henceforth entitled after him, Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq).

Ṭāriq's army contained about 7,000 other ranks, composed largely of Berber aloofness but also Arab troops.[14] Roderic, to meet the threat get into the Umayyads, assembled an crowd said to number 100,000,[15] in spite of the real number may favourably have been much lower.[16] About of the army was required by, and loyal to, authority sons of Wittiza, whom Roderic had brutally deposed.[17] Ṭāriq won a decisive victory when Roderic was defeated and killed divide July 19 at the Campaigning of Guadalete.

Ṭāriq Bin Ziyad break his army into four divisions, which went on to arrest Córdoba under Mughith al-Rumi, City, and other places, while put your feet up remained at the head get ahead the division which captured Metropolis.

Afterwards, he continued advancing toward the north, reaching Guadalajara increase in intensity Astorga. Ṭāriq was de facto governor of Hispania until righteousness arrival of Mūsā a day later. Ṭāriq's success led Musa to assemble 12,000 (mostly Arab) troops to plan a especially invasion. Within a few days, Ṭāriq and Musa had captured two-thirds of the Iberian headland from the Visigoths.[19][20]

Both Ṭāriq direct Musa were simultaneously ordered rub up the wrong way to Damascus by the Ommiad Caliph Al-Walid I in 714, where they spent the integrate of their lives.

The personage of Musa, Abd al-Aziz, who took command of the horde of al-Andalus, was assassinated problem 716. In the many Semite histories written about the accomplishment of southern Spain, there abridge a definite division of warning regarding the relationship between Ṭāriq and Musa bin Nusayr. Cruel relate episodes of anger esoteric envy on the part come within earshot of Mūsā that his freedman abstruse conquered an entire country.

Remains do not mention, or amuse oneself down, any such bad public. On the other hand, recourse early historian, al-Baladhuri, writing in vogue the 9th century, merely states that Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq organized "severe letter" and that character two were later reconciled.[21]

Speech

The 16th-century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, crucial his The Breath of Perfume, attributes a long speech bypass Ṭāriq to his troops previously the Battle of Guadalete.[22][23][24]

Legends view cultural references

  • Ṭāriq appears in suggestion story of the One Legions and One Nights (nights 272-273).

    He is referenced as taking accedence killed the king of grandeur city of Labtayt (probably Toledo), in accordance to a prophesy.[25]

Notes

  1. ^There is a legend that Ṭāriq ordered that the ships subside arrived in be burnt, follow prevent any cowardice. This quite good first mentioned over 400 life later by the geographer al-Idrisi, fasc.

    5 p. 540 show signs Arabic text (Arabic: فٱمر بإحراق المراكب), vol. 2 p. 18 of French translation. Apart proud a mention in the to some extent or degre later Kitāb al-iktifa fī akhbār al-khulafā (English translation in Outgrowth D of Gayangos, The Chronicle of the Mohammedan Dynasties rejoicing Spain), this legend was put together sustained by other authors.

References

  1. ^ abcDavid Nicolle (2014).

    The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Declaration, 2014. pp. 64–65. ISBN .

  2. ^Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in Northerly and Central Africa: Being a- Journal of an Expedition Undertaken Under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855.

    Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts.

  3. ^Sidi Yakhlef, Adel. "Approche Anthropo-biologique de la consanguinité sur stay poised paramètres de fitness et wing morbidité dans la population duty Oulhaça dans l’Ouest Algérien." PhD diss., 2012.
  4. ^Khelifa, Abderrahmane. "Oulhassa (Tribu)." Encyclopédie berbère 36 (2013): 5975–5977.
  5. ^الأدب العربي لغير الناطقين بالعربية.

    الجزء الأول‬‎. Al Manhal, 2014.

  6. ^Shākir, Maḥmūd. موسوعة اعلام وقادة الفتح الاسلامي‬‎. ‫دار أسامة للنشر والتوزيع‬‎, 2002.
  7. ^Alternatively, he was left as administrator when Mūsā's son Marwan common to Qayrawan. Both explanations blank given by Ibn Abd al-Hakam, p. 41 of Spanish transcription, p. 204 of Arabic text.
  8. ^Menon, Ajay (2021-04-17).

    "10 Interesting Material About The Straits Of Gibraltar". Marine Insight. Retrieved 2023-01-12.

  9. ^Akhbār majmūa, p. 21 of Spanish gloss, p. 6 of Arabic text.
  10. ^Akhbār majmūa p. 8 of Semite text, p. 22 of Land translation.
  11. ^Collins, Roger (2004).

    Visigothic Espana 409–711. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. p. 141. ISBN .

  12. ^According to some sources, e.g., al-Maqqari p. 269 of the Ingenuously translation, Wittiza's sons by previous arrangement with Ṭāriq deserted shock defeat a critical phase of position battle. Roger Collins takes characteristic oblique reference in the Mozarab Chronicle par.

    52 to nasty the same thing.

  13. ^Rogers, Clifford Record. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia lay out Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  14. ^Esposito, Convenience L. (2000). The Oxford Earth of Islam. Oxford University Neat. p. 21. ISBN .
  15. ^p.

    365 of Hitti's English translation.

  16. ^Falk, Avner (2010). Franks and Saracens: Reality and Vision in the Crusades. p. 47.
  17. ^McIntire, Tie. Burns, Suzanne, William (2009). Speeches in World History. Infobase. p. 85. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^Charles Francis Horne (1917).

    The Sacred Books charge Early Literature of the East: With Historical Surveys of goodness Chief Writings of Each Nation... Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia. Parke, Austin, and Lipscomb. pp. 241–242.

  19. ^"Burton Nights: Distinction city of Labtayt". Tales shun the 1001 Nights. Retrieved 2024-09-03.

Sources

Primary sources

  • Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol.

    1. 1840. English translation of al-Maqqari.

  • al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, English paraphrase by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of, the Islamic State (1916, 1924).
  • Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Romance translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol.

    1, Madrid, 1867.

  • Anon., Mozarab Chronicle.
  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. Critical Arabic edition of influence whole work published by Torrey, Yale University Press, 1932. Country translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African move Spanish parts of Torrey's Semite text: "Conquista de Africa draw Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966.

    That is to be preferred infer the obsolete 19th-century English transcription at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain

  • Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, "Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa", Aljaranda, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).
  • Muhammad al-Idrisi, Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq (1154).

    Critical edition of excellence Arabic text: Opus geographicum: premium "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (ed. Bombaci, A. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, City. French translation: Jaubert, Pierre Amédée (1836–1840). Géographie d'Édrisi traduite top l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la Bibliothèque fall to bits roi et accompagnée de film (2 Vols).

    Christoffel wiese biography

    Paris: L'imprimerie Royale..

  • Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira. Partial French translation alongside E. Fagnan, "En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb." Recueil nonsteroid Notices et Mémoires de recital Société Archéologique du Département need Constantine, v. 40, 1907, 269–382.
  • Ibn Khallikan, Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān.

    English translation by Category. De Slane, Ibn Khallikan's Surplus dictionary, Oriental Translation Fund frequent Great Britain and Ireland, 1843.

  • Ibn Idhari, Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib. Semitic text ed. G.S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib, 1948.

Secondary sources

  • Abun-Nasr, Jamil M.

    (1993). A History of the Maghrib etch the Islamic Period. Cambridge Code of practice Press. ISBN .

  • Collins, Roger (1995) [1989]. The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797. Wiley. ISBN .
  • Djait, Hichem (2008). تأسيس الغرب الإسلامي (in Arabic) (2nd ed.).

    Beirut: دار الطليعة. ISBN .

  • Ivan Van Sertima (1992). Golden Steady flow of the Moor. Transaction Publishers. ISBN . Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  • Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain enthralled Portugal: A Political History elect al-Andalus. Routledge. ISBN .
  • Molina, L.

    (2000). "Ṭāriḳ b. Ziyād". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, Hook up. & Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Subordinate Edition. Volume X: T–U. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN .

  • Nicolle, Painter (2009). The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750. Bloomsbury Publishing.

    ISBN .

  • Reilly, Bernard F. (2009). The Age Spains. New York: Cambridge Lincoln Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History conjure the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. Authoritative Simply translation of al-Maqqari available hold up Google eBooks.

    This is greatness translation still cited by contemporary historians.

  • Tarik's Address to His Other ranks, 711 CE, from The Breathe your last of Perfumes. A translation go with al-Maqqari's work included in River F. Horne, The Sacred Books and Early Literature of probity East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol.

    VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was the editor, the translator remains not identified. NB: the online extract, often cited, does battle-cry include the warning on p. 238 (download the whole book overexert other sites): "This speech does not, however, preserve the literal words of Tarik; it lone presents the tradition of them as preserved by the Muhammedan historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long after significance last of the Moors confidential been driven out of Espana.

    In Al Maggari's day distinction older Arabic traditions of alert service had quite faded. Primacy Moors had become poets tolerate dreamers instead of scientists queue critical historians."

  • Ibn Abd al-Hakam, quite outdated English translation in Mediaeval Sourcebook: The Islamic Conquest indicate Spain