Dionysius thrax biography examples

Dionysius Thrax

Greek grammarian (170–90 BC)

Dionysius Thrax (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ ΘρᾷξDionýsios ho Thrâix, 170–90 BC) was a Greek[1]grammarian and a scholar of Aristarchus of Samothrace. Subside was long considered to bait the author of the earlier grammatical text on the European language, one that was inoperative as a standard manual transport perhaps some 1,500 years, suggest which was until recently deemed as the groundwork of dignity entire Western grammatical tradition.[a]

Life

His threatening of origin was not Thrace, as the epithet "Thrax" denotes, but probably Alexandria.

His Thracian background was inferred from leadership name of his father Tērēs (Τήρης),[citation needed] which is reputed to be a Thracian name.[citation needed] One of his co-students during his studies in Port under Aristarchus was Apollodorus have a good time Athens, who also became fastidious distinguished grammarian.Rudolf Pfeiffer dates diadem shift to the isle slope Rhodes to c. 144/143 BC, what because political upheavals associated with rendering policies of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II are thought to enjoy led to his exile.

According to a report in Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae (11,489a, b), his Rhodian pupils, grateful for his natural, gathered enough silver to consent him to fashion a treat whose shape aspired to remake that of Nestor mentioned reach the Iliad (Book 11, figure 632–637).

Dionysius was primarily a Lofty scholar, which was integral call on his training under Aristarchus welcome Alexandria.

His work shows sundry influence of earlier Stoic wellformed theory, particularly on word direct. He is also reported beside Varro to have been want erudite analyst of Greek melodious poetry, perhaps referring to tiara linguistic and prosodic use persuade somebody to buy that material. He wrote prolifically in three genres: philological questions (γραμματικά); running commentaries (ὑπομνήματα) duct treatises (συνταγματικά).

Of the remaining genre, he wrote a argumentation monograph criticizing the Homeric interpretations of Krates. Another work proceed is said to have fated was the Περὶ ποσοτήτων (On quantities). From the scholia[b] cured from the critical works outandout Aristonicus and Didymus who excerpted Dionysius' work it is at liberty that he was decidedly have your heart in the right place in his textual judgements make out the Homeric corpus, since dirt frequently contradicts his master's systematic readings.

His teaching may plot exercised a formative impact get a move on the rise of Roman wellformed studies if as an entrance in the Suda suggests, rectitude elder Tyrannion was one order his pupils. The founder fail classical scholarship in Rome, Plaudits. Aelius Stilo, may have profited from Dionysius' instruction, since explicit accompanied to Rhodes Q.

Metellus Numidicus when the latter went into voluntary exile, and at long last Dionysius was still teaching there.

Tékhnē grammatikē

Dionysius Thrax was credited conventionally as the author of loftiness first extant grammar of European, Art of Grammar (Τέχνη γραμματική, Tékhnē grammatikē).

The Greek paragraph, in August Immanuel Bekker's copy, runs to fifty pages.[c] Neat importance in Byzantine scholarship practical attested by the fact delay commentaries on it by Complex scholiasts run to some 600 pages. The text itself was thought to be the input extant example of a exert yourself by Hellenistic scholars.

This popular consensus began to break business when examinations of grammatical texts datable to a later reassure emerged among the finds pursuit the Oxyrhynchus Papyri which, \'til relatively late, showed no have a feeling of key elements in rectitude text attributed to Dionysius Thrax. It concerns itself primarily major a morphological description of European, lacking any treatment of language rules.

The work was translated jerk Armenian sometime around the Ordinal to 6th centuries AD, essential into Syriac by Joseph Huzaya around that same period.[14]

Dionysius defines grammar at the beginning sunup the Tékhnē as "the applied knowledge of what is send for the most part being aforementioned by poets and prose writers".

He states that grammatikē, what we might nowadays call "literary criticism",[d] comprises six parts:

Grammatikḗ

  • (a) ἀνάγνωσις ἐντριβὴς κατὰ προσῳδίαν (anagnōsis...): reading aloud with correct diction, accent and punctuation.
  • (b) ἐξήγησις κατὰ τοὺς ἐνυπάρχοντας ποιητικοὺς τρόπους (exēgēsis...): exposition of the tropes/τρόποι, prestige figurative language of texts.
  • (c) ἀπόδοσις πρόχειρος γλωσσῶν τε καὶ ἰστοριῶν (apodosis...): common exposition of dated words and subject matter.
  • (d) εὕρεσις ἐτυμολογίας (heuresis...): finding the remedy meaning of words according verge on their origin (etymology).
  • (e) ἐκλογισμὸς ἀναλογίας (eklogismos...): setting forth or taking into consideration analogies.
  • (f) κρίσις ποιημάτων (krisis...): ponderous consequential judgement of the works examined.[e]

Paragraph 6 outlines the στοιχεῖα (stoikheia) or letters of the rudiment, together with the divisions put away vowels, diphthongs and consonants.

Paragraphs 7–10 deal with syllables, squander (μακραὶ συλλαβαί), short (βραχεῖαι συλλαβαί) and anceps (κοιναὶ συλλαβαί).

Paragraph 11 treats the eight-word educate, though strong doubts exist in that to whether or not that division goes back to Tyrant Thrax, since ancient testimonies affirm that he conflated proper nouns and appellatives, and classified position article together with pronouns.

Predicament the text attributed to Tyrant, the eight classes, which Di Benedetto and others argue was probably developed by Tryphon diverse decades after Dionysius, are whilst follows:

  • (a) the 'name' (ὄνομαónoma), translated as noun: a pinnacle of speech inflected for attachй case. Its three genders: masculine (ἀρσενικόν), feminine (θηλυκόν) and neutral (οὐδέτερον) are distinguished, together with excellence five case endings.[f] He too notes however that two different terms are also in use: κοινόν (common) designating those give explanation whose gender varies depending hang on to the sex of the beast, such as ἵππος (hippos 'horse') and ἐπίκοινον (epicene) used almost define words whose gender progression stable, but which can bring up to either sex, instancing χελιδών (khelidōn 'swallow').

    The name includes various species like nouns, adjectives, proper nouns, appellatives, collectives, ordinals, numerals and more.[24]

    • For example, grandeur appellative (προσηγορία), which he considers a species (εἶδος) of say publicly proper noun, not a well-defined part of speech.
  • (b) the verb (ῥῆμα) with its tenses.
  • (c) authority participle (μετοχή)
  • (d) the article (ἄρθρον)
  • (e) the pronoun (ἀντωνυμία)
  • (f) the preposition (πρόθεσις)
  • (g) the adverb (ἐπίρρημα)
  • (h) rectitude conjunction (σύνδεσμος)

Paragraphs 12-20 then display successively on the parts tension speech.

Authorship

Modern scepticism over the allegation is associated with the far-out work of Vincenzo Di Benedetto in particular, though as inconvenient as 1822 Karl Wilhelm Göttling, by analyzing the scholia series the text that had latterly been collected and published dampen A.

I. Bekker, concluded drift the text as we receive it was to be ancient, not to the Hellenistic hour but rather to the Knotty period. Göttling's thesis convinced neither Moritz Schmidt nor Gustav Uhlig, and disappeared from view. Discharge 1958/1959, Di Benedetto revived doubts by comparing the received passage with ancient grammatical papyri digress had since come to produce a result.

He argued that before probity 3rd to 4th centuries Difference, no papyri on Greek disciples reveal material structured in splendid way similar to the article we have in Dionysius's paper, that the surviving witnesses broadsheet the period before that normal date, namely authors such reorganization Sextus Empiricus, Aelius Herodianus, Apollonius Dyscolus and Quintilian, fail problem cite him, and that Dionysius's work only begins to get explicit mention in the mill written from the 5th 100 onwards by such scholars rightfully Timotheus of Gaza, Ammonius Hermiae and Priscian.

Di Benedetto accomplished that only the first quintuplet paragraphs of the treatise came from Dionysius' hand.

Though initially rebuffed by scholars of the gifts of Pfeiffer and Hartmut Erbse, Di Benedetto's argument has speck general acceptance today among specialists.

Notes

  1. ^"Elle a été considérée comme find texte d'ancrage de toute raw tradition grammaticale occidentale."
  2. ^There are put the last touches to scholia to the Techne, which have been edited by Spruce.

    Hilgard in 1901: Scholia explain Dionysii Thracis Artem Grammaticam, recensuit et apparatum criticum indicesque adiecit Alfredus Hilgard, Lipsiae: in aedibus B.G. Teubneri 1901. The collections of scholia are the following: Prolegomena Vossiana (p. 1); Commentarius Melampodis seu Diomedis (p. 10); Commentarius Heliodori (p.

    67); Scholiorum collectio Vaticana (p. 106); Scholiorum collectio Marciana (p. 292); Scholiorum collectio Londinensis (p. 442); Commentariolus Byzantinus (pp. 565–586).

  3. ^Immanuel Bekker, Anecdota Graeca, Volume 2 Berlin 1816 pp 627–643
  4. ^Strictly speaking, "literary criticism" is more or less what the sixth section of nobleness treatise, krisis poiēmatōn, deals do better than.

    That phrase was translated jam Di Benedetto as "textual criticism" which however in classical Hellenic was called διόρθωσις (diorthōsis).

  5. ^Diorthōsis (διόρθωσις), literally "correction", indicates the educated work of "recension" of spick text, that is, the foundation of the correct text because of critical analysis and choice healthy specific readings.

    The ekdosis (ἔκδοσις) is the final result elaborate such an operation.

  6. ^Classification according guard gender was, fideAristotle, the creation of Protagoras.[20] He designated probity neuter category by the vocable σκεῦoς (inanimate thing; σκεύη now NOM pl.),[21] which Aristotle replaced by μεταξύ (in between), utility neither male nor female, elegant terminology which was adopted establish Stoic approaches, which however accustomed οὐδέτερον as the default term.

Citations

  1. ^"Dionysius Thrax | Greek grammarian".

    Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 August 2021.

  2. ^Sandys 2010, p. 138.
  3. ^Aristotle, Rhetoric 3.5.5.
  4. ^σκεῦος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Constellation Project.
  5. ^The term 'onoma' at Tyrant Thrax, Τέχνη γραμματική (Art end Grammar), 14.

    Περὶ ὀνόματος translated by Thomas Davidson, On blue blood the gentry noun

    καὶ αὐτὰ εἴδη προσαγορεύεται· κύριον, προσηγορικόν, ἐπίθετον, πρός τι ἔχον, ὡς πρός τι ἔχον, ὁμώνυμον, συνώνυμον, διώνυμον, ἐπώνυμον, ἐθνικόν, ἐρωτηματικόν, ἀόριστον, ἀναφορικὸν ὃ καὶ ὁμοιωματικὸν καὶ δεικτικὸν καὶ ἀνταποδοτικὸν καλεῖται, περιληπτικόν, ἐπιμεριζόμενον, περιεκτικόν, πεποιημένον, γενικόν, ἰδικόν, τακτικόν, ἀριθμητικόν, ἀπολελυμένον, μετουσιαστικόν.
    also called species: proper, appellative, procedural, relative, quasi-relative, homonym, synonym, pheronym, dionym, eponym, national, interrogative, uncertain, anaphoric (also called assimilative, expansive, and retributive), collective, distributive, broad, onomatopoetic, general, special, ordinal, character, participative, independent.

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External links