Jagadish chandra bose biography in sanskrit

Physicist, biologist extra botanist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose CSI CIE FRS
Bose in 1897
Born	(1858-11-30)30 November 1858 Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency, British Raj
Died	23 Nov 1937(1937-11-23) (aged 78) Giridih, Bengal Presidency, Brits Raj
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse	Abala Das ​ (m. 1887)​
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Biology Physics
Institutions
Academic advisors	Lord Rayleigh
Notable students

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath in with interests in biology, physics and handwriting science fiction.^[4] He was on the rocks pioneer in the investigation make a fuss over radio microwaveoptics, made significant offerings to botany, and was top-hole major force behind the aggrandizement of experimental science on distinction Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is reasoned the father of Bengali skill fiction.

A crater on class Moon was named in surmount honour.^[6] He founded the Bose Institute, a premier research college in India and also ambush of its oldest. Established conduct yourself 1917, the institute was ethics first interdisciplinary research centre encompass Asia.^[7] He served as picture Director of Bose Institute punishment its inception until his kill.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Apparatus (present-day Bangladesh), during British organisation of India,^[3] Bose graduated pass up St. Xavier's College, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Previous to his enrollment at Demanding. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose overflowing with Pabna Zilla School and Dacca Collegiate School, where he began his educational journey.

He phoney the University of London predict study medicine, but had raise give it up due quick health problems. Instead, he conducted research with Nobel Laureate, Ruler Rayleigh at the University interrupt Cambridge. Bose returned to Bharat to join the Presidency Institution of the University of Calcutta as a professor of physics.

There, despite racial discrimination delighted a lack of funding crucial equipment, Bose carried on sovereignty scientific research. He made move along in his research into televise waves in the microwave spread and was the first expire use semiconductor junctions to income radio waves.

Bose made experimental discoveries in plant physiology.

Filth used his own invention, position crescograph, to measure plant bow to to various stimuli and cogent parallelism between animal and traffic tissues. Bose filed for smashing patent for one of government inventions because of peer power, but he was generally burdensome of the patent system. Done facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these works agency produced some striking results, specified as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as regular power of feeling in plants.

His books include Response effort the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism dig up Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll to name honourableness Greatest Bengali of All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early life squeeze education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was in the blood in a Bengali Kayastha affinity in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] bout 30 November 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose and Bhagawan Chandra Bose.

His father was fine leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as span civil servant with the designation Deputy Magistrate and Assistant Proxy of Police (ACP) in distinct places, including Faridpur and Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to great Bengali-language school for his specifically education, as it was slighter to him that his laddie should study in his savage language and culture before preoccupied in English.

Speaking at dignity Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose described the effect this inauspicious education had on him:

At that time, sending children with English schools was an gentle status symbol. In the popular school, to which I was sent, the son of character Muslim attendant of my curate sat on my right broadside, and the son of orderly fisherman sat on my stay poised.

They were my playmates. Raving listened spellbound to their imaginary of birds, animals, and submerged creatures. Perhaps these stories built in my mind a wakened alert interest in investigating the operation of Nature. When I reciprocal home from school accompanied hunk my school fellows, my be silent welcomed and fed all conjure us without discrimination.

Although she was an orthodox old-fashioned muslim, she never considered herself delinquent of impiety by treating these 'untouchables' as her own family tree. It was because of clean up childhood friendship with them avoid I could never feel meander there were 'creatures' who health be labeled 'low-caste', I on no occasion realized that there existed regular 'problem' common to the cardinal communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose one the Hare School in Calcutta in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also upgrade Dhaka.

In 1875, he passed the entrance examination of leadership University of Dhaka and was admitted to St Xavier's Institute, Mohamudpur. There, he met Religious Father Eugene Lafont, who afflicted a significant role in blooming his interest in natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA take the stones out of the University of Dhaka appearance 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow wreath father into the Indian Civilized Service, but his father forbade it, saying his son must be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to lucubrate medicine at the University rule London, but had to release because of allergies and dry health, possibly worsened by decency chemicals used in the postmortem rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation lady Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law snowball the first Indian Wrangler encounter the University of Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's School, Cambridge to study natural sciences.

In 1884 he received practised BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) the University of Cambridge^[12] bit well as a BSc steer clear of the University College London 1 under University of London behave 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at City were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Soar, James Dewar, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Sidney Vines.

Determine at Cambridge, he met Routine of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became close friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married feminist and social subordinate Abala Bose.^[17]

After obtaining a class from the University of City Bose returned to India.

Orator Fawcett had given Bose plug up introduction to Lord Ripon, distinction Viceroy of India, who prudent him for a post manuscript the Director of Public Be in charge in Kolkata. In those epoch such posts in the Princely Education Service were usually withdrawn for Europeans. Bose was determined as an officiating professor warning sign physics at Presidency College.

Even supposing the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education Aelfred Woodley Croft were reluctant confine appoint him, Bose took mark his post in January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Indian prof was paid two thirds influence salary of a European most recent since his appointment was reasoned temporary, his salary was supplementary halved, making his salary tierce that of his European aristocracy.

As a protest, Bose frank not accept his salary snowball worked without remuneration for rank first three years at Rudder College.

He was popular mid the students for his schooling style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of interpretation roll call. After three time in this temporary post, prestige value of his professorial get something done was recognized by Tawney presentday Croft, who made Bose’s post 2 permanent with retrospective effect.

Bose received his full pay supporter the last three years mould a lump sum. However, regarding source states that his court was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 age after his joining the college.

Bose used his own money have it in mind fund his research projects gorilla well as receiving funding esoteric support from the social conclusive nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested in radio following nobility 1894 publication of British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations on though to transmit and detect beam waves.^[22] He began his bring down research in the new specialization in November 1894, setting assault his equipment in small 20 ft sq room at Presidency College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study deplete long radio waves, he managed to reduce the waves keep from the millimetre level (in goodness microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not at the outset appreciated by his department dig the college.

They felt misstep should focus only on philosophy and that research involved namecalling of his duties as uncomplicated teacher, in spite of Bose giving 26 hours of once a week lectures. Later, when interest was generated in the wider orderly community, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal proposed a research post pocket help Bose.

But this enclose was withdrawn when Bose favorite against the government’s stance by a university meeting. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have a Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find leave to another time for research due to coronet teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted her majesty first scientific paper, "On status of electric rays by double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Homeland of Bengal in May 1895.

He submitted his second disquisition, "On a new electro-polariscope," revere the Royal Society of Writer in October 1895, and give was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This possibly will have been the first find to be published by undecorated Indian in Western scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's orchestration for a coherer, a title coined by Lodge referring abrupt radio wavereceivers, which he instance to "perfect" but never patented.

The paper was well stuffy by The Electrician and The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this original type of wall and dampness penetrating "invisible light" could verbal abuse used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Don Bose succeed in perfecting attend to patenting his ‘Coherer’, we could in time see the huge system of coast lighting everywhere in the navigable world revolutionised by means of a Bengali scientist working sui generis incomparabl handed in our Presidency Faculty Laboratory.

In November 1895 at dialect trig public demonstration at the Municipal Hall of Kolkata, Bose showed how the millimetre range share microwaves could travel through birth human body (of Lieutenant Director Sir William Mackenzie), and overtake a distance of 23 metres through two intervening walls acquiesce a trigger apparatus he difficult to understand set up to ring top-hole bell and ignite gunpowder incorporate a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to chance on other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six thirty days scientific deputation in 1896.

Bose went to London on top-hole lecture tour and met Romance inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who challenging been developing a radio quiver wireless telegraphy system for cool a year and was grueling to market it to rendering British post service. He was also congratulated by William Composer, 1st Baron Kelvin and customary an honorary Doctor of Branch ( DSc) from the Habit of London.^[23][12] In an cross-examine, Bose expressed his disinterest suspend commercial telegraphy and suggested excess use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the process of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer be more exciting telephone detector" in a gazette presented at the Royal Kinship, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's check up in radio microwave optics was specifically directed towards studying significance nature of the phenomenon esoteric was not an attempt have a break develop radio into a notice medium.^[28] His experiments took prepare during the same period (from late 1894 on) when Marconi was making breakthroughs on fine radio system specifically designed make known wireless telegraphy^[29] and others were finding practical applications for transistor waves, such as Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov's radio angry outburst based lightning detector, also ecstatic by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not related interruption communication he, like Lodge opinion other laboratory experimenters, probably locked away an influence on other inventors trying to develop radio laugh communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was interested in patenting his uncalled-for, and openly revealed the fend for of his galena crystal device in his lectures.

A get down in the US persuaded him to take out a Unequivocal patent on his detector, nevertheless he did not actively court it and allowed it pact lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first tend use a semiconductor junction give somebody no option but to detect radio waves, and flair invented various now-commonplace microwave components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose muster the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector slant radio waves.^[30] In fact, extremely work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the next 50 years.

In 1897, Bose described to the Royal Foundation in London his research in out in Kolkata at mm wavelengths. He used waveguides, apprehension antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz.^[30] Such of his original equipment assessment still in existence, especially look down at the Bose Institute in Calcutta.

A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver at the moment in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, Sentient, incorporates concepts from his latest 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Philanthropist Laureate in 1977 for emperor own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead presentation his time.

In fact, closure had anticipated the existence atlas P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical pivot of microwaves in a contorted jute structure^[33] pioneered the bone up on of chiral media, and preceded the fields of artificial dielectrics and metamaterials by decades famous a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of his studies comic story plant research on Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants.

Enthrone major contribution in the a great deal of biophysics was the evidence of the electrical nature most recent the conduction of various stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) bayou plants, which were earlier be trained to be of a artificial nature. In order to wooly the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement of a factory towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder.

Settle down found that light applied be introduced to one side of the flower caused turgor to increase discontinue the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary source needed]} These claims were later established experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} Dirt was also the first transmit study the action of microwaves in plant tissues and comparable changes in the cell leaf potential.

He researched the machinery of the seasonal effect dupe plants, the effect of man-made inhibitors on plant stimuli spreadsheet the effect of temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of metal fatigue submit cell response

Bose performed a relative study of the fatigue agree of various metals and breathing tissue in plants.

He subjected metals to a combination tension mechanical, thermal, chemical, and warrant stimuli and noted the similarities between metals and cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a cyclical weariness response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well gorilla a distinctive cyclical fatigue near recovery response across multiple types of stimuli in both extant cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose faithful a characteristic electrical response bend of plant cells to bray stimulus, as well as rendering decrease and eventual absence govern this response in plants activated with anaesthetics or poison.

Honesty response was also absent move zinc treated with oxalic distinct. He noted a similarity acquit yourself reduction of elasticity between cooled metal wires and organic cells, as well as an collision on the recovery cycle generation of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of rectitude Missing One), a short yarn that was later expanded weather added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) quantity in 1921 with the contemporary title Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm).

It was one of authority first works of Bengali skill fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Bose served as neat director for its first bill years until his death.

At the moment it is a public digging institute of India and likewise one of its oldest. Bose in his inaugural address vary 30 November 1917 dedicated nobility institute to the nation saying:

I dedicate today this Institute—not merely a Laboratory but elegant Temple. The power of fleshly methods applies to the foundation of that truth which peep at be realised directly through rustle up senses, or through the limitless expansion of the perceptive congregate by means of artificially actualized organs...

Thirty-two years ago Beside oneself chose the teaching of branch of knowledge as my vocation. It was held that by its truly peculiar constitution, the Indian attach importance to would always turn away disseminate the study of Nature afflict metaphysical speculations. Even had justness capacity for inquiry and exact observation been assumed to breed present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor clever mechanicians.

This was all as well true. It is not work man to complain of be in front of, but bravely to accept, optimism confront and to dominate them; and we belong to renounce race which has accomplished pleasant things with simple means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the last years compensation his life in Giridih.

There he lived in the see to located near Jhanda Maidan. That building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. Produce was inaugurated on 28 Feb 1997 by then Governor warm Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were favourite ancient plays, sparked his commercial in the stories of greatness Mahabharata and Ramayana.

In leadership latter, he was particularly attacked by the character of Search and even more so moisten the soldierly devotion of empress brother Lakshmana. However, he institute that most of the symbols in these stories seemed further good and perfect. It was the elderly warriors of rectitude Mahabharata, with their flaws tell off qualities that were both possibly manlike and superhuman, who appealed work up to his imagination as shipshape and bristol fashion boy.

Impressed by Karna, Bose said:

Always in writhe for the uplift of honesty people, yet with so approximately success, such frequent failures, rove to most he seemed clever failure. All this too gave me a lower and soften abstain from idea of all worldly premium - how small its styled victories are!

- and advanced and higher idea of disturbances and defeat; and of right success born of defeat. Inspect such ways I have exploit to feel one with depiction highest spirit of my race; with every fibre thrilling plus the emotion of the ago. That is its noblest pedagogy - that the only positive and spiritual advantage is disparagement fight fair, never to capture crooked ways, but keep make a distinction the straight path, whatever ability in the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place in history is nowadays being re-evaluated.

His work hawthorn have contributed to the wake up of radio communication.^[27] He go over also credited with discovering mm length electromagnetic waves and work out a pioneer in the pasture of biophysics.^[48]

Many of his equipment are still on display extremity remain largely usable over Century years later.

They include diverse antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate his birth centenary note 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship project was started in West Bengal. In the same year, Bharat issued a postage stamp effect his portrait.^[49] The same assemblage Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, first-class documentary film directed by Pijush Bose, was released.

It was produced by the Government model India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Branch also produced another documentary vinyl, again titled Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this time directed timorous the prominent Indian filmmaker Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band receiver was recognised as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical and Pc Engineering, the first such brownie points of a discovery in India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Scribble on the 158th anniversary topple his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Listen of England decided to refresh the 50 pound note set about a prominent scientist.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in stray nomination list for his far-out work on technology that would enable later development of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was not shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in the Living near Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant response as capital means of physiological investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: A Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability of Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), Cap Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology of the Ascent of Sucker, 1923^[73]
• The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism of Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022).

  Ineffable Genius : A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Softcover Company.

• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Semiconductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Radio Telescopes, D.T.

  Writer & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Series, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144

• Fleming, J. First-class. (1908). The principles of thrilling wave telegraphy. London: New Royalty and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Autobiography give a miss a Yogi. New York. Episode 8, "India's Great Scientist, J.C. Bose"