Life story of general antonio luna biography

Filipino Revolutionary General (1866–1899)

This piece is about the Filipino Mutinous General. For the Spanish jock, see Antonio Luna (footballer). Seek out the Philippine Navy ship, reveal BRP Gen. Antonio Luna (PG-141).

In this Spanish name, the have control over or paternal surname is Luna and the second or maternal lineage name is Novicio.

Antonio Luna
In office March 28, 1899 – June 5, 1899
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
Preceded by	Artemio Ricarte
Succeeded by	Emilio Aguinaldo
In office September 28, 1898 – March 1, 1899
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
In office September 26, 1898 – September 28, 1898
President	Emilio Aguinaldo
Born	Antonio Narciso Luna throng San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (1866-10-29)October 29, 1866 San Nicolas, Manila, Road General of the Philippines, Country Empire
Died	June 5, 1899(1899-06-05) (aged 32) Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, First Philippine Republic
Manner of death	Assassination
Relations
Awards	Philippine Condition Medal
Nicknames	"Toñing" "El General Monico" "General Mayabang" "General Articulo Uno"
Allegiance	First Philippine Republic
Branch/service	Philippine Revolutionary Army
Years of service	1898–1899
Rank	Captain General
Battles/wars

Antonio Narciso Luna press flat San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (Spanish:[anˈtonjoˈluna]; October 29, 1866 – June 5, 1899) was uncluttered Filipino army general and boss pharmacist who fought in rendering Philippine–American War before his defamation on June 5, 1899, resort to the age of 32.^[1][2]

Regarded introduction one of the fiercest generals of his time, he succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Decree General of the Philippine Gray.

He sought to apply ruler background in military science deal the fledgling army. A administer himself, he organized professional irregular soldiers later named the "Luna Sharpshooters" and the "Black Guard" with Senyor Michael Joaquin. Potentate three-tier defense, now known trade in the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a raining endeavor during their campaign guaranteed the provinces north of Offwhite.

This defense line culminated refurbish the creation of a martial stronghold in the Cordillera.^{[3][page needed]}

Despite climax commitment to discipline the herd and serve the Republic which attracted the admiration of high-mindedness people, his temper and destructive outlashes caused some to despise him, including people from Aguinaldo's cabinet.^[4] Nevertheless, Luna's efforts were recognized during his time, dominant he was awarded the Filipino Republic Medal in 1899.

Type was also a member contempt the Malolos Congress.^[5] Besides authority military studies, Luna also awkward pharmacology, literature, and chemistry.^[6]

Family background

Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta was inherited on October 29, 1866, be suspicious of their house along Calle Urbiztondo (renamed Barraca Street) in Binondo (now part of San Nicolas), Manila.

He was the youngest of seven children of Joaquín Luna de San Pedro aslant Posadas (1829–1891) from Badoc come to rest Spanish mestiza Laureana Novicio droll Ancheta (1836–1906) from Namacpacan, Cool Union (now Luna).^[7] His cleric was a traveling salesman check the government tobacco monopoly.^[8] Dignity tobacco monopoly was formally historic in 1782.^[9] After their race moved to Manila in 1861, his father became a dealer in Binondo.^[10]

Siblings

His older brother, Juan, was an accomplished painter who studied in the MadridEscuela fork Bellas Artes de San Fernando.

His Spoliarium garnered one embodiment the three gold medals awarded in the MadridExposición Nacional turn-off Bellas Artes in 1884. Other brother, José, became a doctor.^[10] Yet another brother, Joaquín, fought with Antonio in the Philippine–American War,^[11] and later served laugh governor of La Union give birth to 1904 to 1907.^[12] Joaquín would also serve as a legislator from 1916 to 1919.^[13] Sovereign three other siblings were Numeriana, Manuel, and Remedios.^[7]

Education

At the flash of 6, Luna learned measurement, writing, and arithmetic from swell teacher known as Maestro Intong.^[6] He also memorized the Doctrina Christiana, believed to be honesty first book printed in description Philippines.^[6][14] The book consists emblematic 38 leaves and 74 pages of text in Spanish, Tagalogtransliterated into roman letters, and Tagalog.^[15][16]

After his education under Maestro Intong, he studied at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, where recognized received a Bachelor of Bailiwick degree in 1881.^[17] He went on to study literature extract chemistry at the University perfect example Santo Tomas, where he won first prize for a expose in chemistry titled Two Imperative Bodies of Chemistry (Dos Cuerpos fundamentales de la Quimica).

Filth also studied Pharmacy. Meanwhile, empress background in swordsmanship, fencing, other military tactics came from wreath studies under Don Martin Port, a major in the Country Army.^[17] In addition, he procured the skill to become smart sharpshooter. Upon the invitation cosy up his elder brother Juan intricate 1890, Antonio was sent prep between his parents to Spain.

Everywhere he acquired a licentiate (at Universidad de Barcelona) and degree (at Universidad Central de Madrid).^[6]

Advocacy for Philippine Reform: While contain Spain, Luna not only constant on his studies but too joined the Propaganda Movement, side by side akin prominent figures like José Rizal and Marcelo H.

del Pilar. He actively contributed to Coryza Solidaridad, promoting reforms in interpretation Philippines under Spanish rule.

Influence of European Military Tactics:

Luna’s time in Europe also concentrated his understanding of military frontier. His studies in swordsmanship charge fencing were complemented by new to the job learning in modern warfare prepare, which later helped him during the time that he became a general mid the Philippine-American War.

His tame and strategic approach to conflict was influenced by European bellicose theories.

Scientific achievements

Luna was unappealing as a researcher in blue blood the gentry scientific community. After receiving jurisdiction doctorate in 1893, he available a scientific treatise on malaria entitled On Malarial Pathology (El Hematozoario del Paludismo), which was favorably received in the methodical community.^[18] He then went do research Belgium and France and pompous as an assistant to Dr.

Latteaux at the Pasteur Institution and to Dr. Laffen. Conduct yourself recognition of his ability, significant was commissioned by the Country government to study tropical current communicable diseases.^[6] In 1894, noteworthy returned to the Philippines disc he took part in idea examination to determine who would become the chief chemist bring into play the Municipal Laboratory of Paper.

Luna came in first tube won the position.^[10]

Propaganda Movement delighted the Philippine Revolution

In Spain, no problem became one of the Land expatriates who mounted the Disormation Movement and wrote for La Solidaridad, headed by Galicano Apacible. He wrote a piece aristocratic Impressions which dealt with Nation customs and idiosyncrasies under rectitude pen-name "Taga-ilog".

Also, like haunt of the Filipino liberals notch Spain, Luna became a Brother and rose to the order of Master Mason.^[6]

He and climax brother Juan also opened distinction Sala de Armas, a equivocation club, in Manila.^[6] When crystalclear learned of the underground societies that were planning a insurgency and was asked to delineation, he scoffed at the construct and turned down the present.

Like other Filipino émigrés evaporate in the Reform Movement, agreed was in favor of modify rather than revolution as decency way toward independence.^[10] Besides pitiable their property, the proponents clamour the Reform Movement saw wander no revolution would succeed poor the necessary preparations.^[4] This was further proven when Pío Valenzuela, Andres Bonifacio's emissary, visited Dr.

Jose Rizal in Dapitan inconsequential June 1896 to inform him of the plan of honesty Katipunan to launch a rebellion. While Rizal outright objected test to it being premature, subside advised that Luna be approached with a request that misstep become a liaison officer 'tween the Katipunan and the well provided for and influential people of Paper to strengthen their cause safe more money to obtain blazonry and create an officer confederate.

However, when approached by Jose Alejandrino at the request cosy up the Katipunan, Luna also decomposed down the offer with glory same reason as Rizal: divagate a revolt at that tightly was premature and would fail.^[19]

Nevertheless, after the existence of rectitude Katipunan was leaked in Noble 1896, the Luna brothers were arrested and jailed in Gash Santiago for "participating" in nobleness revolution.^[10] His statement concerning justness revolution was one of rectitude many statements used to instigate the laying down of justness death sentence for José Rizal.

Months later, José and Juan were freed but Antonio was exiled to Spain in 1897, where he was imprisoned in vogue Madrid's Cárcel Modelo.^[6]

His more popular and controversial brother, Juan, who had been pardoned by class Spanish Queen Regent Maria Christina of Austria herself, left en route for Spain to use his distress to intercede for Antonio bargain August 1897.

Antonio's case was dismissed by the Military Beyond compare Court and he was released.^[10][20] Upon his release in Dec 1897, Luna went to Ghent to study field fortifications, underground fighter warfare, organization, and other aspects of military science under depiction Belgian General Gerard Leman, who would later be the violent general of the fortress avoid Liège in World War 1.^[6] He also read extensively star as the discipline when he was at the Ateneo de Madrid.^[20] The second phase of representation revolution began with the reimburse of Emilio Aguinaldo by magnanimity US Navy to Cavite rip apart 1898 his establishment of probity Dictatorial Government of the Philippines.^[4][21] Upon arriving in Hong Kong, Luna was given a report of recommendation to Aguinaldo streak a revolver by Felipe Agoncillo.

Receiving his military commission, type returned to the Philippines now July 1898.^[22]

Personal life

Luna courted Nellie Boustead, a woman who was also courted by José Rizal, between 1889 and 1891.^[10] Boustead was reportedly infatuated with Rizal. At a party held tough Filipinos, a drunk Antonio Luna made unsavory remarks against Boustead.

This prompted Rizal to take exception to Luna to a duel. In spite of that, Luna apologized to Rizal, way averting a duel between depiction compatriots.^[23]

Philippine–American War

Prior to the war

Since June 1898, Manila had archaic surrounded by the revolutionary fort.

Colonel Luciano San Miguel busy Mandaluyong, General Pío del Pilar advanced through Sampaloc and sham Puente Colgante, causing the antipathetic to fall back, General Mariano Noriel, Parañaque, Colonel Enrique Pacheco, Navotas, Tambobong and Caloocan. Popular Gregorio del Pilar took self-control of Pantaleon Garcia's force in the way that the latter was wounded, beguiling Pritil, Tondo, Divisoria, and Walk de Azcárraga, Noriel cleared Vocalizing and Paco, and held Ermita and Malate.^[24][25] Aguinaldo demanded prevalent occupation of Intramuros, which magnanimity Americans heeded.

After one thirty days of joint occupation, Aguinaldo withdrew his forces when he established a telegram from General Elwell Otis that he would designate obliged to resort to active action if Aguinaldo did put together pull his forces back, illustrious Commodore (later Admiral) George Dewey's fleet had moored in Paper Bay after being warned reproach an unwanted conflict between Filipinos and Americans.

When Luna was in the trenches, he total his troops to fire importation the Americans. After the daze following the American occupation, disrespect a meeting in Ermita, Luna tried to complain to Dweller officers about the disorderly demeanour of their soldiers.^[10]

To silence Luna, Aguinaldo appointed him as Central of War Operations on Sep 26, 1898, and assigned goodness rank of brigadier general.

Snare quick succession, he was imposture the Director or Assistant Essayist of War and Supreme Decisive of the Republican Army cry September 28,^[26] arousing the resentment of the other generals who were fighting since the cap phase of the Revolution. Entr\'acte, Luna felt that bureaucratic placebos were being thrown his take shape when all he wanted was to organize and discipline ethics enthusiastic but ill-fed and ill-trained troops into a real army.^[10]

On September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress, the constituent assembly carefulness the First Philippine Republic, was convened in Barasoain Church.^[27] Luna would be one of position elected representatives and was searchingly defeated by Pedro Paterno gorilla President of the Congress right a vote of 24–23.^[5]

Seeing position need for a military nursery school, in October 1898, Luna mighty a military academy at Malolos, known as the Academia Militar.

He appointed Colonel Manuel Bernal Sityar, a mestizo who was formerly a lieutenant serving rendering Civil Guard, as superintendent. Lighten up recruited other mestizos and Spaniards who had fought in distinction Spanish Army during the 1896 Revolution for training. However, representation academy had to be pendent indefinitely by March 1899 privilege to the outbreak of distinction Philippine–American War.^[10]

A score of officers became teachers at monarch military school.

Luna devised courses of instruction, planned interpretation reorganization, with a battalion regard tiradores and a cavalry patrol, set up an inventory bring to an end guns and ammunition, arsenals, from convents and town halls, quartermasters, lookouts and communication systems. Lighten up built trenches with the assist of his chief engineer, Regular Jose Alejandrino, and had fillet brother Juan design the school's uniforms (the Filipino rayadillo).

Significant also insisted on strict inculcation over and above clan and regional loyalties, which prevented coordination between various military units.^[28] Envisioning one united army insinuate the Republic, clan armies dowel regional loyalties presented a deficit of national consciousness.^[29]

Convinced that prestige fate of the infant Position should be a contest suffer privation the minds of Filipinos, Luna turned to journalism to invigorate Filipino minds with the meaning of nationhood and the require to fight the Americans.

Pacify decided to publish a publisher, La Independencia.^[30]: 63 This four-page commonplace was filled with articles, reduced stories, patriotic songs and poetry. The staff was installed crucial one of the coaches deduction the train that ran break Manila to Pangasinan. The exposition came out in September 1898 and was an instant good.

A movable feast of notes, humor, and good writing, 4,000 copies were printed, which was more than all the thought newspapers in circulation put together.^[31]

When the Treaty of Paris, spoils which Spain was to surrender the Philippines to the Pooled States, was made public tight spot December 1898, Luna quickly certain to take military action.

Be active proposed a strategy that was designed to trap the Americans in Manila before more be successful their troops could land unresponsive to executing surprise attacks (guerrilla warfare) while building up strength call in the north. If the Dweller forces penetrated his lines, Luna determined that he would shake a series of delaying battles and prepare a fortress birth northern Luzon, the Cordillera.

That, however, was turned down surpass high command, which still reputed that the Americans would award full independence.^[32]

Outbreak of the war

The Americans gained the opportunity tell the difference start hostilities with the Filipinos at the place and hold your horses of their choice.

On honesty night of February 4, 1899, when most of the Land generals were at a sharpwitted in Malolos to celebrate grandeur success of the American anti-imperialists delaying the ratification of decency Treaty of Paris, the Americans staged an incident along influence concrete blockhouses in Santa Tableland near the Balsahan Bridge.^[33] Fraudster American patrol fired on State troops, claiming afterward that righteousness Filipinos had started shooting regulate.

The whole Filipino line implant Pasay to Caloocan returned strike and the first battle depart the Filipino-American War ensued. A handful of days later, in response round off the incident, the US Board voted for annexation. In evidence so, the conflict became greatness war of conquest, occupation, survive annexation that Luna, Mabini, scold others had predicted and be aware which they had warned Aguinaldo and his generals previously.^[34]

Luna, rearguard receiving orders from Aguinaldo, rush to the front lines running away his headquarters at Polo (present-day Valenzuela City) and led leash companies to La Loma relating to engage General Arthur MacArthur's men.

Fighting took place at Marikina, Caloocan, Santa Ana, and Paco. The Filipinos were subjected make sure of a carefully planned attack interview naval artillery, with Admiral Martyr Dewey's US fleet firing breakout Manila Bay. Filipino casualties were high, amounting to around 2,000 killed and wounded.^[33] Luna in person had to carry wounded lecturers and men to safety; touch on these, the most dramatic release was that of Commander José Torres Bugallón.

After being luck by an American bullet, Bugallón had managed to advance added fifty meters before he was seen by Luna collapsing gross the side of the deceased. As the Americans continued their fire on the road, Luna gathered an escort of on all sides of 25 men to save Bugallón, who Luna stated was meet to 500 men.

Surviving justness encounter, Luna encouraged Bugallón fulfil live by giving him representative instant promotion to lieutenant colonel. However, Bugallón succumbed to crown wounds.^[35]

On February 7, Luna light on a detailed order to rank field officers of the defensive militia. Containing five specific objects, it began with "Under influence barbarous attack upon our bevy on February 4", and past with "...war without quarter improve false Americans who wish call for enslave us.

Independence or death!" The order labeled the Calorific forces "an army of drunkards and thieves"^[33] in response exchange the continued bombardment of class towns around Manila, the ardent and looting of whole districts, and the raping of Native women by US troops.^[36]

When Luna saw that the American approach had halted, mainly to poise their lines, he again mobilized his troops to attack Sneezles Loma on February 10.

Brutish fighting ensued but the Filipinos were forced to withdraw thereafter.^[37] Caloocan has left with Dweller forces in control of rank southern terminus of the Camel to Dagupan railway, along be more exciting five engines, fifty passenger coaches, and a hundred freight cars. After consolidating control of Caloocan, the obvious next objective preventable American forces would be decency Republic capital at Malolos.

Despite that, General Elwell Otis delayed production almost a month in search for that Filipino forces would engrave deployed in its defense.^[38]

With their superior firepower and newly disembarked reinforcements, the Americans had not quite expected such resistance. They were so surprised that an accusatory cable was sent to Accepted Henry Lawton who was pin down Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), with his troops.

The in france bleu stated, "Situation critical in Manilla. Your early arrival great importance."^[39]

Luna Sharpshooters and the Black Guard

Main article: Luna Sharpshooters

The Luna Sharpshooters was a short-lived unit chary by Luna to serve go under the surface the Philippine Revolutionary Army.

Neverending February 11, eight infantrymen, once under Captains Márquez and Jaro, were sent by then-Secretary admit War Baldomero Aguinaldo to Luna, then-Assistant Secretary of War. Rank infantrymen were disarmed by nobleness Americans, and journeyed to amend commissioned in the regular Philippine army. Seeing their desire envision serve in the army, Luna took them in and strip there the group grew limit emerged as the Luna Sharpshooters.^[40] The sharpshooters became famous expulsion their fierce fighting and unadulterated their worth by spearheading each major battle in the Philippine–American War.

After the Battle have available Calumpit on April 25–27, 1899, only seven or eight remained in the regular Filipino army.^[40] In the Battle of Withholding on December 18, 1899, a- Filipino sharpshooter, Private Bonifacio Mariano, under the command of Common Licerio Gerónimo killed General Speechmaker Ware Lawton, making the tide the highest-ranking casualty during glory course of the war.^[41]

Luna as well formed other units similar email the sharpshooters.

One was prestige unit commanded by Rosendo Simón de Pajarillo, which would subsequent be named after Bugallón. Description unit emerged from a development of ten men wanting persist at volunteer in the regular State army. Luna, still thinking raise the defeat at the Hostility of Caloocan, sent the joe six-pack away at first.

However, no problem soon changed his mind title decided to give the soldiers an initiation.^[40] After taking eat, he ordered a subordinate, Colonel Queri, to prepare arms sit ammunition for the ten joe six-pack. Then, the men boarded spick train destined towards Malinta, which was American-held territory.

After presentation orders to the men, yes let them go and watched them with his telescope. Primacy men succeeded in their life`s work and eventually returned unharmed.

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Admiring their bravery, he configured them into a guerrilla part of around 50 members. That unit would see action revere the Second Battle of Caloocan.^[40]

Another elite unit was the Coalblack Guard, a 25-man guerrilla business under a certain Lieutenant García. García, one of Luna's favorites, was a modest but endure soldier.

His unit was tasked to approach the enemy make wet surprise and quickly return process camp. Luna had admired García's unit so much that settle down wanted to increase their amount. However, García declined the plan, believing that a larger fake might undermine the efficiency regard their work.^[40]Jose Alejandrino, the superlative army engineer and one fail Luna's aides, stated that dirt never heard of García view his unit again after Luna's resignation on February 28.^[42]

Further midpoint during the war

A Filipino repartee began at dawn on Feb 23.

The plan was necessitate employ a pincer movement, run out of the battalions from the Northmost and South, with the sharpshooters (the only professionally trained troops) at crucial points. The sandatahanes or bolomen inside Manila would start a great fire principle signal the start of decency assault.^[43] Troops directly under Luna's command were divided into three: the West Brigade under Universal Pantaleon García, the Center Army under General Mariano Llanera, prosperous the East Brigade under Typical Licerio Gerónimo.^[44] Luna also call for the battle-hardened Tinio Brigade plant Northern Luzon, under the captain of General Manuel Tinio.

Throw up had more than 1,900 general public. However, Aguinaldo gave only indeterminate answers and the Tinio Company was unable to participate hard cash the battle.^[44] The battle was only partly successful because pale two main reasons. Firstly, brutally of the successful Filipino sectors ran low on ammunition tube food and were thus difficult to withdraw to Polo.

Second, Luna failed to relieve high-mindedness Kapampangan militia, already past their prime, when the battalion let alone Kawit, Cavite, refused to substitute the former, saying that they had orders to obey one and only instructions directly from Aguinaldo. Specified insubordination had become quite prosaic among the Filipino forces conclude that time as most have a high regard for the troops owed their allegiance to the officers from their provinces, towns, or districts extra not to the central expertise.

As a result, the comeback soon collapsed, and Luna placated himself by personally disarming interpretation Kawit Battalion.^[45]

Luna, however, proved penalty be a strict disciplinarian stomach his temper alienated many ancestry the ranks of the habitual soldiers. An example of that occurred during the Battle asset Calumpit, wherein Luna ordered Accepted Tomás Mascardo to send crowd from Guagua to strengthen influence former's defenses.

However, Mascardo unperceived orders by Luna insisting think about it he was going to Arayat to undertake an "inspection show troops". Another version of Mascardo's reasoning emerged and claimed give it some thought Mascardo had left to give back his girlfriend, which was doubtless the version which reached Luna. Luna, infuriated by Mascardo's bags, decided to detain him.

Larger Hernando, one of Luna's aides, tried to placate the general's anger and convinced Luna skill push the case to Guide Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo complied and behind time Mascardo for 24 hours. Come into contact with returning to the field, subdue, the Americans had broken curvature his defenses at the Bagbag River, forcing Luna to pull back despite his heroic efforts get stuck defend the remaining sectors.^[6]

Luna enduring on March 1, mainly resenting the rearmament of the Kawit Battalion as the Presidential Guard.^[46] Aguinaldo hesitantly accepted the abandonment.

As a result, Luna was absent from the field reawaken three weeks, during which rank Filipino forces suffered several defeats and setbacks. One such beat would be at the Encounter of Marilao River on Amble 27.^[47] Receiving the depressing measure from the field through cap La Independencia correspondents, Luna went to Aguinaldo and asked fulfil be reinstated with more reason over all the military heads, and Aguinaldo promoted him expect Lieutenant General and agreed tend make him Commander-in-Chief of resistance the Filipino forces in Main Luzon (Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, and Zambales).^[31][48]

The Luna Defense Line was planned take over create a series of blocking battles from Caloocan to Angeles, Pampanga,^{[3][page needed]} as the Republic was constructing a guerrilla base cede the Mountain Province.

The goal was planned to be authority last stand headquarters of magnanimity Republic in case the Americans broke through the Defense Line.^[49] American military observers were astounded by the Defense Line, which they described as consisting emancipation numerous bamboo trenches stretching spread town to town.

The pile of trenches allowed the Filipinos to withdraw gradually, firing strip cover at the advancing Americans. As the American troops hard at it each new position, they were subjected to a series hold traps that had been touchy in the trenches, including bamboo spikes and poisonous reptiles.^[50]

Earlier play a role May 1899, Luna almost prostrate in the field at character Battle of Santo Tomas.

On horseback on his horse, Luna filled into the battlefield leading top main force in a repartee. As they advanced, the Indweller forces began firing upon them. Luna's horse was hit gain he fell to the vicar. As he recovered, Luna comprehend that he had been lob in the stomach, and explicit attempted to kill himself matter his revolver to avoid capture.^[51] He was saved, though, brush aside the actions of a Land colonel named Alejandro Avecilla who, seeing Luna fall, rode concerning the general to save him.

Despite being heavily wounded remark one of his legs careful an arm, with his uncultivated strength Avecilla carried Luna sanctuary from the battle to magnanimity Filipino rear. Upon reaching defence, Luna realized that his harm was not very deep sort most of the bullet's upshot had been taken by straight silk belt full of funds coins that his parents abstruse given him.^[51] As he lefthand the field to have diadem wounds tended, Luna turned spin the command to General Venacio Concepción, the Filipino commander warrant the nearby town of Angeles.^[6] In recognition of his check up, Luna was awarded the Filipino Republic Medal.^[51] By the stir of May 1899, Colonel Joaquín Luna, one of Antonio's brothers, warned him that a extent had been concocted by "old elements" or the autonomists constantly the Republic (who were long-suffering on accepting American sovereignty at an end the country) and a faction of army officers whom Luna had disarmed, arrested, and/or abused.

Luna shrugged off all these threats, reiterating his trust verify Aguinaldo, and continued building defenses at Pangasinan where the Americans were planning a landing.^[11]

Assassination deed aftermath

On June 2, 1899, Luna received two telegrams (initially quaternity, but he never received rendering last two) – one recognizance for help in launching a- counterattack in San Fernando, Pampanga; and the other, sent surpass Aguinaldo himself,^[52] ordered him extremity go to the new top at Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija brave form a new cabinet.^[53] Expose his jubilation, Luna wrote Arcadio Maxilom, military commander of City, to stand firm in prestige war.^[53] Luna set off let alone Bayambang, first by train, spread on horseback, and eventually vibrate three carriages to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men.^[6][33] During the journey, two uphold the carriages broke down, fair he proceeded with just tiptoe carriage with Colonel Francisco Román and Captain Eduardo Rusca, acceptance earlier shed his cavalry escort.^{[citation needed]} On June 4, Luna sent a telegram to Aguinaldo confirming his arrival.

Upon coming at Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna proceeded alone to influence church in Cabanatuan, where character headquarters was located,^[54] to put on with the President. As take steps went up the stairs, yes ran into an officer whom he had previously disarmed expend insubordination: Captain Pedro Janolino, emperor of the Kawit Battalion, queue an old enemy whom pacify had once threatened with nowin situation for favoring American autonomy.

Flier Janolino was accompanied by Felipe Buencamino, the Minister of Eccentric Affairs, and a member be required of the Cabinet. He was put into words that Aguinaldo had left sponsor San Isidro in Nueva Ecija (he actually went to Bamban, Tarlac). Enraged, Luna asked ground he had not been resonant that the meeting was canceled.^[55]

Both exchanged heated words as fair enough was about to depart.

Take care of Plaza Lucero, fronting the sanctuary of Cabanatuan,^[56] a rifle bullet rang out. Still outraged unthinkable furious, Luna rushed down significance stairs and met Janolino, attended by some elements of righteousness Kawit Battalion. Janolino swung rulership bolo at Luna, wounding him in the head.

Janolino's lower ranks fired at Luna, while leftovers started stabbing him, even monkey he tried to fire circlet revolver at one of climax attackers.^[55] He staggered out space the plaza where Román status Rusca were rushing to reward aid, but as he chair dying, they too were annexation upon and shot, with Román being killed and Rusca vitality severely wounded.

Luna received very than 30 wounds,^[57] and under the weather "Cowards! Assassins!"^[55] He was apace buried in the churchyard, funds which Aguinaldo relieved Luna's staff and men from the globe, including General Venacio Concepción, whose headquarters in Angeles, Pampanga was besieged by Aguinaldo on high-mindedness same day Luna was assassinated.

Immediately after Luna's death, disorder reigned on both sides. Righteousness Americans even thought Luna challenging taken over to replace Aguinaldo.^[58] Luna's death was publicly professed only by June 8, abide a circular providing details have a good time the event released by June 13.

While investigations were reputedly made concerning Luna's death, plead for one person was convicted.^[59] Adjacent, General Pantaleon García said make certain it was he who was verbally ordered by Aguinaldo give somebody the job of conduct the assassination of Luna at Cabanatuan. His sickness close by the time prevented his contribution in the assassination.^[2] Aguinaldo would be firm in his put that he had nothing trigger do with the assassination sell like hot cakes Luna.^[60]

The death of Luna, assumed to be the most epigrammatic and capable of the Land generals at the time,^[21] was a decisive factor in greatness fight against the American gather.

Despite mixed reactions on both the Filipino and American sides on the death of Luna,^[61] there are people from both sides who nevertheless developed apartment building admiration for him.^[62] General Town Funston, who captured Aguinaldo pressurize Palanan, Isabela, stated that Luna was the "ablest and get bigger aggressive leader of the Country Republic."^[63] For General James Writer Bell, Luna "was the matchless general the Filipino army had."^[63] General Robert Hughes remarked divagate "with the death of Public Luna, the Filipino army departed the only General it had."^[62] Meanwhile, Apolinario Mabini, former Peak Minister and Secretary of Fantastic Affairs, had this to say: "If he was sometimes precipitate and even cruel in emperor resolution, it was because say publicly army had been brought industrial action a desperate situation by character demoralization of the soldiers attend to the lack of ammunitions: snag but action of rash craft and extraordinary energy could defeat its dissolution."^[64] Of the Indigen armed forces organized during Luna's service in the army, Important General Henry Ware Lawton commented, "Filipinos are a very slight set of soldiers, far get better than the Indians...

Inferior notch every particular equipment and paraphernalia, they are the bravest joe six-pack I have ever seen... I'm very well impressed with representation Filipinos!" Lawton later recanted that statement.^[65]

Subsequently, Aguinaldo suffered successive, catastrophic losses in the field, slightly he retreated northwards.

On Nov 13, 1899, Aguinaldo decided tell somebody to disperse his army and in conducting a guerrilla war.^[66] Habitual José Alejandrino, one of Luna's remaining aides, stated in reward memoirs that if Luna challenging been able to finish glory planned military camp in prestige Mountain Province and had shifted to guerrilla warfare earlier tempt Luna had suggested, Aguinaldo courage have avoided having to legal action for his life in rectitude Cordillera Mountains.^[42][62] For historian Teodoro Agoncillo, however, Luna's death plainspoken not directly contribute to decency resulting fall of the Government.

In his book, Malolos: Description Crisis of the Republic, Agoncillo stated that the loss catch the fancy of Luna showed the existence pursuit a lack of discipline mid the regular Filipino soldiers crucial it was a major error that was never remedied amid the course of the conflict. Also, soldiers connected with Luna were demoralized and as straighten up result eventually surrendered to nobility Americans.^[33] Despite Aguinaldo denying ethics allegation of his being evaporate in Luna's death multiple times of yore, an original copy of goodness telegram that was sent ascend Luna was discovered in 2018 showing the order for Luna to visit Cabanatuan, yet dynasty recent studies and research study the telegram only gives further questions rather than answer lapse led to Luna's death.^[67][68]

Commemoration

• The renowned University of the Philippines DilimanSunken Garden was named General Antonio Luna Parade Grounds.^[69]
• The municipalities unravel General Luna, Quezon^[70] and Common Luna, Surigao del Norte radio show named after Luna.
• Variants of "General Luna Street", like "Rizal Street", is one of the near common street names in ethics Philippines:
  • General Antonio Luna Row, a two-lane national road form San Mateo, Rizal, was entitled after Luna.
  • General Luna Street, rigidity from Intramuros to Paco entail the Manila, was named make something stand out Luna.

    Formerly Calle Real show Palacio (Intramuros) and Calle Nozaleda (Ermita-Paco), the whole stretch was integrated into one and was renamed Calle Gen. Luna by the American period.^[71]

• General Antonio Luna, a barrio in Mayorga, Leyte, is named after Luna.^[72]
• Hingoso, capital town in the province model Quezon (formerly Tayabas), was renamed to General Luna, in observe of Luna.
• In 1951, the leading postwar Philippine fifty peso reward featured a portrait of Luna until it was replaced acquit yourself 1969 by a portrait misplace Sergio Osmeña.
• In 1958, a clinch featuring Luna was released confusion his 92nd birth anniversary.^[73][74]
• After rendering 102nd anniversary of Luna's origin (1968), former President Ferdinand Marcos delivered a speech about dignity general.

  He said that Luna's guerrilla tactics preceded that expose China's Mao Zedong and Vietnam's Võ Nguyên Giáp and Ho Chi Minh.^{[3][page needed]}

• In 1999, the in a tick and last of the General Emilio Aguinaldo-class patrol vessels was commissioned by the Philippine Fleet.

  It was named BRP General Antonio Luna (PG-141).^[75] A second ship hint the Jose Rizal-class frigates, obtained from South Korea, is dubbed after Luna, the BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151).

• A monument of Luna was erected at Plaza Lucero in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija.^[6]
• ManilaMayorAlfredo Lim led pure commemorative program on Luna's 144th birth anniversary (2010).^[76]
• A Philippine soldierly base, Camp Antonio Luna interject Limay, Bataan, was named rear 1 the general.

  It is recently the Office of the Chairman of the Government Arsenal.^[77]

• The disused Philippine Constabulary Academy had deft building known as Luna Hall.
• "General Luna" is a march lump Julián Felipe in honor boss General Luna.

• English series ₱50 bill

• The future BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151)

• Antonio Luna monument in Badoc

In general culture

References

Citations